tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81948510090281531502024-03-14T10:46:15.896+08:00小李的特教資訊站真正的贏家是不去和人競爭的小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.comBlogger2158125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-31817859852995185542024-03-10T23:03:00.001+08:002024-03-10T23:03:03.319+08:00生態保育叢書14:如樹家珍-仁特校園樹木辨認指引<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aVRW5e1Fz8aA7OH9BoJnGqaj7tZxfBuS/view?usp=drive_link" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="643" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnuslDPv56tTa4esw3KNaU4dMUbTfr_maipknNxhF3L6cZrklrdPuQ6IVCSKECa4-GUfCU8-oNPF-Yq7cZtQ2uygtm9IodeAEDePnxmJZG_s0lwapJoJ0FXtsDynbgJV6CTMuHQPihEzlrlRVzzP0ghIRRLHDgILfBySVwVI4by5BerLzel8-fnA_nsE/w454-h640/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2.jpg" width="454" /></a></div><p><br /></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-14834692847297079592023-12-18T05:55:00.001+08:002023-12-18T06:16:36.005+08:00生態保育叢書13:校園裡的完美昆蟲-黑水虻(第二版)<p></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/11jiQMJu8kVCKm8SBv8WJND6d9KQF7zP6/view?usp=drive_link" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="645" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaL5GNNNQM0XfIUUFFB1DGBWlaW1-IZPporjMB9bLWoSg08Qu4Ox4VMHTVQaV3H1C4Sg12-AC6uOrqZ_pbqWT99DWGOIPoI2GPZzCOyC0KPiQ2Oo2n_6vfIOSiUmWtYxnf5bMnvbm1wbEcUQdOxmWqBxomU-oRCOSN4Xd513HPslsRMqKXfjXP6xUwYD4/w454-h640/2023_%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92%E8%A3%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%8C%E7%BE%8E%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2-%E9%BB%91%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%BB_0%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A201.jpg" width="454" /></a></div><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-57635215732524444282023-12-10T14:46:00.011+08:002023-12-11T06:14:38.589+08:00仁特鳥類誌05-黑冠麻鷺<p> 李明洋</p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px;">(*歡迎引用,但請尊重智慧財產權,務必註明出處,謝謝)</p><p>學 名:Gorsachius melanolophus</p><p>分 類:鵜形目(Pelecaniformes)</p><p> 鷺科(Ardeidae)</p><p> 麻鷺屬(Gorsachius)</p><p>命 名 者:Raffles, S.,1822</p><p>臺灣亞種:B. s. amurensis & B. s. javanicus</p><p>亞種命名者:Hachisula and Udagawa, 1951</p><p>英 文 名:Malaysian Night Heron</p><p>保育等級:無危 </p><p>遷徙狀態:留鳥</p><p>校園狀況:一至三隻,常出現於森林區、國小部前後花圃、洗車場旁花圃<span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfx2JcwaWf6Z82ci4OrboG7r2SnM0C103WM2geHFYI3iyBXfXsFKCEMKH8c0mMsmSCFFlYdGkdZ-LGYftulMEzFfXalyuULMIUzYMDb_HMj5oa1xirwdLnFSkS9PyJu3kEWgldgwYqc38gE5eghRT9i0kvi-cAyznaPbHiHpTwB-ZwYw7S9hQJoXZCqaM/s1920/DSC00874.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfx2JcwaWf6Z82ci4OrboG7r2SnM0C103WM2geHFYI3iyBXfXsFKCEMKH8c0mMsmSCFFlYdGkdZ-LGYftulMEzFfXalyuULMIUzYMDb_HMj5oa1xirwdLnFSkS9PyJu3kEWgldgwYqc38gE5eghRT9i0kvi-cAyznaPbHiHpTwB-ZwYw7S9hQJoXZCqaM/w360-h640/DSC00874.JPG" width="360" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖1 黑冠麻鷺遇到威脅,會出現擬態行為,在原地呆立不動<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMHkWiNc3Z1Dy8BrOoxDurjtqfd0ZnblfzWirX2wYL9UjSHsPyES7imeWt36_exlDSLCD4idKVfycYK4aeOEWWUlNnT16eBPL8BUv13p05YcmqbwD0Xpx15txO0rdZczO67yQxUR3D6vkywK5X4sF5SY86xWPnqxAVDLcQOKAzXZvfUt4DFU0EBKn4Mnc/s1920/DSC00039.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMHkWiNc3Z1Dy8BrOoxDurjtqfd0ZnblfzWirX2wYL9UjSHsPyES7imeWt36_exlDSLCD4idKVfycYK4aeOEWWUlNnT16eBPL8BUv13p05YcmqbwD0Xpx15txO0rdZczO67yQxUR3D6vkywK5X4sF5SY86xWPnqxAVDLcQOKAzXZvfUt4DFU0EBKn4Mnc/w360-h640/DSC00039.JPG" width="360" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖2 黑冠麻鷺成鳥的頭頂有黑色羽冠,繁殖季時,眼先成藍色</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><div>一、分類</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺的學名為Gorsachius melanolophus,由前新加坡總督暨倫敦動物園園長Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles命名(顏重威、方偉宏,2012;Pearson, 2023; Raffles, 1822),原先的名稱為Ardea melanolopha,ardea的意思是蒼鷺屬,但後來改為目前的Gorsachius melanolophus,Gorsachius則是麻鷺屬的意思(Raffles, 1822; Rees, 2011a, 2011b)。</div><div> </div><div> 在分類學上,黑冠麻鷺屬於鳥綱(Aves),鵜形目(Pelecaniformes),鷺科(Ardeidae),麻鷺屬(Gorsachius)。根據最新版《世界鳥類名錄(IOC World Bird List,v13.2)》的分類,鳥綱底下的鵜形目共有5個科,分別為鵜鶘科(Pelecanidae)1屬8種、䴉科(Threskiornithidae)13屬36種、錘頭鸛科(Scopidae)1屬1種、鯨頭鸛科(Balaenicipitidae)1屬1種,以及鷺科(Ardeidae)18屬72種(Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2023)。</div><div> </div><div> 目前,全世界隸屬於麻鷺屬的鳥類共有麻鷺(Gorsachius goisagi)、黑冠麻鷺(Gorsachius melanolophus)、白背鳽Gorsachius leuconotus)和海南麻鷺(Gorsachius magnificus)等4種(The IUCN Red List, 2023),而在臺灣出現的麻鷺屬鳥類則有2種,一為稀有的過境鳥麻鷺,另一則為繁殖留鳥黑冠麻鷺(王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛、楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮,1991;沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996;顏重威、方偉宏,2012)。</div><div> </div><div> 麻鷺屬鳥類為體型中等的鷺科鳥類,特徵為較短的喙,細長的鼻孔,粗短的頸部,圓翼,粗短的跗蹠,有網狀鱗,短尾,尾羽12枚(顏重威、方偉宏,2012)。</div><div><br /></div><div><div>二、名稱</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺,顧名思義,就是頭上有黑色頭冠的麻鷺。由於黑冠麻鷺和麻鷺外型頗為相近,同為麻鷺屬,因此名稱中都冠有「麻鷺」,唯兩者的差別在於黑冠麻鷺為留鳥,頭頂黑色,有羽冠,眼先藍色,初級飛羽末端有白斑;而麻鷺則是過境鳥,頭頂暗褐色,無冠羽,眼先黃綠色,初級飛羽末端無白斑(王嘉雄等,1991;沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996;顏重威、方偉宏,2012)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺還有許多別名,包括黑冠鳽、黑冠虎斑鳽,也有人稱之為大笨鳥,英文名有Malaysian Night Heron和Tiger Bittern,正式的學名則為Gorsachius melanolophus (沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996;劉亭雅,2018;顏重威、方偉宏,2012;Lai, 2016a)。茲分別說明如下:</div><div><br /></div><div>(一)黑冠鳽、黑冠虎斑鳽</div><div><br /></div><div> 顯而易見的,無論是「黑冠」或「黑冠虎斑」,都是用外貌特徵來形容鳽這種動物,而「鳽」這個字,根據《爾雅·釋鳥》的解釋:「鳽,鵁鶄。」《說文解字》則進一步解釋:「鵁鶄,鳽也。一曰鵁鸕。似鳧,腳高毛冠。」《說文解字注》則解釋:「此與隹部鳽各物。從鳥幵聲。古賢切。」由此可知,鳽就是一種稱為鵁鶄或鵁鸕的鳥類,根據《爾雅翼》的解釋:「精,目精也,鸕,猶矑也,言其目精交也。」意思就是指鳽這種鳥的特徵在於眼睛的瞳孔和虹膜是相交疊的,所以用鵁鶄或鵁鸕來稱呼之。對此,蘇貴福(2018)認為,不妨將之想像為一隻較小的眼睛(瞳孔和眼睛外圈),交疊在一隻較大的眼睛上(虹膜和眼睛周邊),或許就能體會了。其次,根據古人的觀察,認為鳽這種鳥長得很像鳧,腳很長,頭上有毛冠。然而,根據《大宋重修廣韻》的解釋:「鳧,野鴨。」又《莊子·駢拇》指出:「是故鳧脛雖短,續之則憂。」認為野鴨的腳很短,顯然和上述的說法矛盾。查諸教育部國語推行委員會(2021)出版的《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》的解釋,認為鳧為「鳥綱雁形目。狀如鴨而略大。體長二尺許,嘴扁,腳短,趾間有蹼,翼長能飛翔,常群居於湖沼中。也稱為『野鴨』。」由此可見,用鳧來比擬鳽的說法並不妥當。最後,「鳽」這個字是個形聲字,從鳥旁,表示是一種鳥,發幵聲,亦即唸做「堅」。</div><div><br /></div><div>(二)大笨鳥</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺為中型鳥類,行走緩慢,加上一副傻傻的表情,給人一種呆笨的印象,故被稱為大笨鳥(劉亭雅,2018)。黑冠麻鷺之所以走路緩慢是因為要勘查土壤裡的獵物,必須放慢腳步,仔細觀察,而在遇到外力威脅時,則會出現擬態的行為,一動也不動,這些都是出於本能。事實上,黑冠麻鷺不僅不笨,而且還非常機警。根據袁孝維(2011)針對台大校園裡的黑冠麻鷺所做的研究發現,當研究人員手拿網子靠近牠們的時候,大約接近至4公尺左右,黑冠麻鷺就會開始逃離。沈瑞琛和陳立楨(1996)的研究則發現,黑冠麻鷺在人類距離10公尺處,旋即逃離。而根據筆者在校園裡的經驗也發現,當筆者在森林區裡行走時,一旦踩到落葉發出聲響,即便距離10公尺外,黑冠麻鷺仍會立即展翅飛走。由此可見,黑冠麻鷺一點也不笨,所以將「大笨鳥」這個稱呼套在黑冠麻鷺身上,若不是疏於觀察,就是一種偏見,並不恰當。</div><div><br /></div><div>(三)Malaysian Night Heron</div><div><br /></div><div> 若從字面上的意思「馬來夜鷺」推測,可能會以為這種鳥最早是在馬來半島發現的,但事實上,黑冠麻鷺的命名者Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles卻是在1822年於印尼的蘇門答臘發現,並予以命名的(Raffles, 1822)。而且夜鷺雖與黑冠麻鷺同屬於鵜形目、鷺科,卻是夜鷺屬(Nycticorax),而非麻鷺屬。而且,夜鷺喜於河湖畔捕食魚類,黑冠麻鷺則喜於森林深處捕食蚯蚓和昆蟲,兩者差距甚大。總此而觀,Malaysian Night Heron這個名稱不僅錯誤,而且容易誤導視聽。</div><div><br /></div><div>(四)Tiger Bittern</div><div><br /></div><div> 根據字面上的意思推測,tiger可能是用以表示黑冠麻鷺身上有如老虎的紋路;而Bittern這個字,查諸《Dictionary of the English Language》,bittern是一種水鳥,在分類學上屬於大麻鷺屬(Botaurus),bittern是中世紀英語bitour的變體,其語源可能來自於拉丁語的俗名buti-taurus,buti是指禿鷹,taurus則是指公牛的鳴聲(Bartleby.com, 2023)。然而,黑冠麻鷺既不是水鳥,也不屬於大麻鷺屬,所以將其稱為Tiger Bittern似乎並不妥當。</div><div> </div><div> 至於黑冠麻鷺的學名為Gorsachius melanolophus,Gorsachius 源於日文goi-sagi,意思是夜鷺。而melanolophus則源於希臘文melas和 lophos,前者的意思是黑色,後者的意思是羽冠。所以,Gorsachius melanolophus的意思為「黑色羽冠的夜鷺」(顏重威、方偉宏,2012;Jobling, 2010)。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>三、分布</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺的原生棲息地分布於南亞、東南亞、南洋群島等亞洲南部熱帶和亞熱帶地區(姚正得,2002;姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭,2000;許嘉瑋,2020;Hu & Liu, 2014; Martinez-Vilalta & Motis 1992,引自顏重威、方偉宏,2012),包括印度西南部地區、阿薩姆邦、斯里蘭卡、孟加拉、尼科巴群島、中國華南、馬來西亞、泰國、臺灣、印度尼西亞、菲律賓和日本八重山群島中的部分島嶼、臺灣等地(許嘉瑋,2020;del Hoyo et al. 1992; Ornithological Society of Japan 2000;以上均引自Kawakami & Fujita, 2005, p.73; Kawakami & Fujita, 2005; Kawakami, Fujita, Hasegawa, & Makihara, 2011),且以低海拔的沼澤林為棲地(姚正得,2002;姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭,2000;Hu & Liu, 2014)。而在南韓、四國列島、聖誕島、帛琉及邦蓋群島則有疑似迷鳥的紀錄(Boles et al., 2016;引自張晉嘉,2021,p.5)。</div><div> </div><div> 在臺灣,黑冠麻鷺較常出現於海拔1000公尺以下的低海拔闊葉林、竹林及農墾地,甚至在澎湖群島、宜蘭龜山島、台東蘭嶼及高雄東沙島等離島也都有其現蹤的紀錄(顏重威、方偉宏,2012)。</div></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>四、外型</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺隸屬於鷺科體型中等的鳥種,綜合專家學者的觀察資料(胡正恆,2021;許嘉瑋,2020;顏重威;方偉宏,2012;Tsao(1998,引自Chang,2000, p.168),成鳥的頭頂具黑色羽冠,喙短而厚,臉、頸及胸側呈紅褐色,後頸深栗色,背部紅褐色,帶有黑色橫紋,眼先於繁殖季時呈藍色,雄性較雌性深,且長度也比雌性長,非繁殖季時則呈藍綠色。亞成鳥體色偏灰褐色,且頭、身上有白斑。</div><div><br /></div><div> 根據顏重威和方偉宏(2012)整理自國立自然科學博物館及中央研究標本館院的資料,黑冠麻鷺雄鳥翼長227至275公分,尾長82至104公分,嘴蜂長36.9至46公分,跗蹠長58.5至80公分;雌鳥翼長251至258公分,尾長92公分,嘴蜂長44至46公分,跗蹠長66.3至69.9公分。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>五、鳴聲</div><div><br /></div><div> 有關黑冠麻鷺的鳴叫時機, Kawakami和Fujita( 2005)指出,黑冠麻鷺通常只在晚上(18:40至19:30)和清晨(06:00至06:30)鳴叫。劉義驊(1992)則表示,黑冠麻鷺在黃昏、晚上、黎明前,甚至光線不良的早上都會叫,但因隱蔽性高,所以不易察覺。</div><div><br /></div><div> 至於黑冠麻鷺的鳴聲,根據劉義驊(1992)的紀錄,黑冠麻鷺的鳴聲為低頻單調的嗚、嗚、嗚、嗚。顏重威和方偉宏(2012)則指出,在黑冠麻鷺的繁殖期間,常可在山邊聽到如大鼓般沉悶的澎彭聲。Lai(2016a)則指出,每當繁殖季即將開始時,黑冠麻鷺公鳥就會鼓著喉嚨發出沉悶的嗚嗚聲響求偶。而根據沈瑞琛和陳立楨(1996)的長期觀察結果指出,黑冠麻鷺成鳥的叫聲有兩種,但代表的意義並不明確,且多半不輕易發出鳴聲,僅有一次,觀察者發現因松鼠闖入距離巢穴6公尺的範圍內,故使雄鳥發出相當強烈的「噢」聲,似乎是予以警告。總上所述,或可推斷,黑冠麻鷺成鳥有兩種鳴聲,其一是求偶時發出的沉悶聲「嗚、嗚、嗚」,另一則是遇到危險所發出的強烈警告聲「噢」。</div><div><br /></div><div> 相較之下,黑冠麻鷺幼鳥的叫聲就較為多元,可歸納為乞食聲、一般聲及驚懼聲三種(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996):</div><div> </div><div>(一)乞食聲</div><div><br /></div><div> 幼鳥自出生第四天起即會鳴叫乞食,也是幼鳥最會發出聲音的時期。在離巢後未能獨立覓食前均會發出此叫聲,叫聲為ㄑ-ㄑ-ㄑ-之連續性鳴叫。通常幼鳥會在發現親鳥將回巢食開始乞食鳴叫,直到雙親開始餵食方才停止。然而,若餵食量不足,會不斷鳴叫,直到親鳥飛走或不予理會,才會停止。此種叫聲短則數秒,長則可達十分鐘以上。黑冠麻鷺親鳥對幼鳥的乞食行為,大多相應不理,鮮少因幼鳥不斷乞食而增加餵食量,甚至在幼鳥乞食時,採取逃離或威嚇的動作,以逃避或制止幼鳥之需索。</div><div> </div><div>(二)一般聲</div><div><br /></div><div>在幼鳥成長至的19日開始發出間歇性且平和的ㄍㄟˊ、ㄍㄟˊ、ㄍㄟˊ叫聲;幼鳥成長至第19日才開始能發出這種鳴叫聲,通常是發現親鳥在樹下或在巢穴附近,親鳥有時聽到聲音後會抬頭望向巢位,確定沒異樣後再繼續覓食。</div><div><br /></div><div>(三)驚懼聲:叫聲為輕微而急促的ㄐㄧ、ㄐㄧ、ㄐㄧ;通常在下大雨且親鳥離巢時,幼鳥會不斷揮動翅膀,遊走於巢中,且不停發出此種叫聲。當只有下大雨時,幼鳥若不遊走於巢內,也會佇立在巢中,不斷抖動其喉部並張嘴,但未發出聲音。早期,無論幼鳥是否發出叫聲,親鳥都會匆匆返回巢中,但到後來,不管幼鳥如何鳴叫,親鳥都不會返巢。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>六、棲地</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺屬於地棲型鳥類(葛兆年、鄭惟仁,2011),亦即多數時間在地面上活動。袁孝維(2011)表示,黑冠麻鷺選擇棲地時,會同時考量樹木與草地,樹木提供棲所,而草地則是覓食場地,若兩者之間能維持一定比例,才是黑冠麻鷺所偏好的。沈瑞琛和陳立楨(1996)則指出,由於黑冠麻鷺具有良好的保護色,所以在密林中較不易被發現,而在土壤肥沃,容易覓得蚯蚓之處則是較為理想的覓食場地。 </div><div><br /></div><div> 早先黑冠麻鷺為臺灣的稀有留鳥,偏好棲息於低海拔森林地區,且具有高大樹林或竹林,以及有溪流和沼澤等濕地的潮濕森林,不過近年來,黑冠麻鷺也會在人為建築物的附近築巢,例如都市內的公園、校園,植物園,以及郊區農墾地旁的竹林中;且築巢地點附近常為稀疏或裸露地(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996;姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭,2000;許嘉瑋,2020;張傳炯、張倩玲,1999;均轉引自姚正得,2002,p.6;袁孝維,2011;Chang, 2000; Kawakami, Fujita, Hasegawa, & Makihara, 2011; Lai, 2016a)。對此,劉亭雅(2018)認為,可能是因為現今低海拔森林多遭到開發與破壞,致使原本在密林裡的黑冠麻鷺被迫走入都市中。</div><div><br /></div><div> 沈瑞琛和陳立楨(1996)發現,目前黑冠麻鷺係以點狀分布,現蹤於臺灣的北、中、南部。胡正恆(2021)則進一步表示,有高達69%的黑冠麻鷺居住於都會區,不僅顯示出黑冠麻鷺習慣於人為的干擾,而能適應擁擠的都會環境,而且可能和食性偏向森林底層的蚯蚓資源與躲避天敵有關。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>七、食性</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺為肉食性鳥類,且會較常在容易獲得食物的區域覓食(沈瑞琛,陳立楨,1996)。研究顯示,黑冠麻鷺以蚯蚓為主食,約佔啄食總量的93%,其次是昆蟲,約佔3%,蜥蜴和蛇類則均佔1.3%(沈瑞琛,陳立楨,1996)。此外,黑冠麻鷺也會攝取蜘蛛、蛙類、蟾蜍、蛞蝓、蝸牛、蟹、小魚、小蝦、水生無脊椎動物,甚至麻雀等小型鳥類(姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭,2000;周鎮,1999;胡正恆、許嘉緯2017;引自胡正恆,2021,p.2;顏重威,方偉宏,2012;Chang, 2000; Norval1、Chiu, Chu,& Mao, 2011; Lai, 2016a)。例如Norval1、Chiu、Chu和Mao(2011)曾在嘉義縣三界村的檳榔園發現黑冠麻鷺以外來入侵種沙氏變色蜥為獵物;國內著名生態學家許坤金則曾觀察到黑冠麻鷺因捕食眼鏡蛇,反遭咬死的案例(許坤金,2020)。而根據Kawakami、Fujita、Hasegawa和Makihara(2011)分析日本八重山群島黑冠麻鷺的食繭和胃的內容物發現,黑冠麻鷺最喜愛的獵物為蝸牛、蜘蛛、淡水蟹和昆蟲。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>八、捕食</div><div><br /></div><div> 有關黑冠麻鷺的捕食方式,Chang(2000)指出,黑冠麻鷺會先探索,然後將土裡的蚯蚓拉出,並藉由劇烈的搖晃,將蚯蚓的頭部擰斷,再予以地吞食。而根據沈瑞琛和陳立楨(1996)的觀察,黑冠麻鷺在捕食蚯蚓時,多半採取邊走邊找的策略,一旦發現有獵物的動靜時,即停下觀看,並小心接近,等鎖定目標後,迅速將嘴啄入土中,咬住蚯蚓,然後將蚯蚓拉出後直接吞食;如果蚯蚓體型較大,則拉出後先置於腳旁,約過幾秒後再將蚯蚓分段吞食。吞食時,雄鳥會直接吞食,雌鳥則在吞食後,不斷左右蠕動喉部,甚至在啄食前也會出現此動作。</div><div><br /></div><div> 而在袁孝維(2011)針對黑冠麻鷺覓食行為所做的研究發現,一天當中,黑冠麻鷺亞成鳥的覓食高峰時間約在下午四點左右,早於成鳥的下午五點左右,而黑冠麻鷺亞成鳥的捕食成功率為13.3±2.5%,低於成鳥的19.5±4.5%。由此可知,亞成鳥可能是因為覓食成功率較成鳥低,所以需要提早覓食,以期解決攝食量不足的問題。此外,研究也發現,黑冠麻鷺的幼鳥似乎對麵包蟲興趣缺缺,仍以大型蚯蚓為主食(袁孝維,2011)。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>九、繁殖</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺的繁殖期約為每年的2月底至10月初,介於210天至220天(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996;姚正得,2002;姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭,2000),即使未臻成熟的亞成鳥也具有繁殖能力並參與繁殖活動(姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭,2000;Chang, 2000)。不過,根據洪孝宇、詹芳澤、林依蓉、林佩羿、王齡敏和黃獻文(2010)的研究發現,黑冠麻鷺的繁殖起始時間與前一年12月的月均溫有顯著相關,亦即該月溫度每上升一度,則隔年的平均繁殖時間將會提前9.7天。</div><div><br /></div><div> 姚正得、尤少彬和林良恭(2000)以南投縣集集鎮的黑冠麻鷺族群所做的研究證實,黑冠麻鷺具有回到特定區域繁殖的習性與能力。茲綜合專家學者的研究結果(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996;姚正得,2002;姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭,2000;許嘉瑋,2020;張傳炯、張倩玲,1999;轉引自姚正得,2002,p.6;Chang, 2000; Lai, 2016a),將黑冠麻鷺的繁殖階段概分為求偶、築巢與交配、產卵、孵卵、育雛、離巢等階段,並依序說明如下:</div><div><br /></div><div>(一)求偶</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺的求偶期約為每年的2月至5月,求偶時,雄鳥會在黃昏、夜晚和黎明前,站在樹上發出單調、低頻,如鼓聲般「嗚、嗚、嗚」的沉悶鳴叫聲。配對成功,開始築巢後,就不再鳴叫。求偶階段,雄鳥的眼睛周圍及臉部的無羽區會呈現深藍色。</div><div><br /></div><div>(二)築巢與交配</div><div><br /></div><div> 配對成功後,雄雌鳥會共同築巢,大約花7天至9天築巢。黑冠麻鷺偏好選擇人類活動環境做為巢位的棲地環境,巢位偏好築在樹冠下層的中間偏外圍處,較水平的分叉枝條上。黑冠麻鷺會傾向於將巢築於榕樹(76%)這類枝條較開展的樹種上,以便監視樹下動靜,進而及早防禦。巢材係以大小不等的樹枝交叉結合而成,巢形宛如盤狀,平均長度為75公分,平均寬度為57.5公分,平均巢高為11公分,中間下凹,深約3公分,鋪以樹葉,做為產卵及孵卵之用;巢的周邊較平整,可供幼鳥活動。在巢的構築上,先以較粗、較長的樹枝為骨架,用唾液將之黏於枝幹上,於是有4根樹枝交叉固定之,其後再用稍長樹枝黏於骨架上,然後就不再用唾液固定樹枝,而是用交互插入法予以構築。巢離地面的平均距離約5.46公尺,但也有高達12公尺以上者;巢體結構呈平臺狀,交配行為發生於巢中,多在早上6點以前。</div><div><br /></div><div>(三)產卵</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺每年築巢的地點相當固定。當巢築好後,雌鳥即開始產卵,產卵時間約為早上5點至6點,每隔2至3天產一顆卵,每巢產卵2至6顆,以1窩3顆和1窩4顆為主,平均窩卵數3.4顆,約10天內完成產卵。黑冠麻鷺的卵較雞蛋小,但較雞蛋厚,平均長度為4.7公分至5.5公分,平均寬度為3.8公分至3.9公分。當雌鳥產下第一顆卵後,雄鳥臉部深藍色的無羽區就會漸漸褪成藍灰色。 </div><div><br /></div><div>(四)孵卵</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺的孵卵期介於4月至7月,孵卵歷時32天至34天。黑冠麻鷺為一夫一妻制,親鳥會共同孵卵。孵卵期間,雄鳥和雌鳥會換班,至少有一隻鳥在巢裡孵卵或護雛,直到另一隻親鳥回到巢邊,互相以頭頸部輕輕拍打對方的背部後進行交班。黑冠麻鷺的雛鳥具有不同時孵化的現象,平均每隻親鳥每次孵卵的時間為2907.4分鐘,而從第一顆卵開始孵化至第一隻幼雛孵化的平均孵卵期則為30.4天。</div><div><br /></div><div>(五)育雛</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺的育雛及離巢期介於5月至9月,雛鳥破殼後,親鳥會將破殼直接丟棄巢下。剛孵出的雛鳥需要親鳥孵雛,亦即親鳥將雛鳥集中於腹下,身體採蹲坐或半蹲,雙翼微張,將雛鳥蓋住以維持體溫,並保護其不受掠食者的侵襲。若遇到危急狀況,則猛然站起,豎起羽冠,以警告入侵者。親鳥會輪流擔任孵雛的工作,亦即剛回巢的親鳥會先餵食給幼雛,餵食完後便留在巢裡孵雛,直到另一隻親鳥回巢並換班。黑冠麻鷺餵食雛鳥前,會先將食物儲存於嗉囊中,再反芻餵食雛鳥,如此將不需經常離巢去覓食。親鳥多於白天外出覓食,餵食也多在白天,因此白天孵雛換班頻率明顯較夜間多,下午的頻率則多於上午。雖然親鳥會共同育雛,並會隨著幼雛漸長而增加換班頻率,不過,若親鳥之一為亞成鳥,則會隨著雛鳥漸長而忽視育雛的職責,最後就不再回巢中,而將育雛的職責交由成鳥負責。雛鳥幾乎每天都會排泄,排泄方式為肛門朝外,雙腳慢步移動到巢邊,將糞便排出巢外。排泄物包含黃白色的液狀物及黑褐色的土塊。當雛鳥羽翼豐滿後,會相互爭食,迫使親鳥餵食完後,就得出外覓食。親鳥在育雛階段,除了白天覓食、照顧幼鳥外,夜間也有活動;在清晨天色未亮時,親鳥呈休息狀態,但天微明時,即離巢。但白天不睡覺。雛鳥從破殼至離巢約經歷30天至43天,而從第一隻幼鳥孵化至最後一隻幼鳥離巢的平均育雛期則為36天。黑冠麻鷺雛鳥破殼後的發育過程大致如下:</div><div><br /></div><div>>剛出生:雛鳥破殼後眼睛已張開,眼珠為黑色,但無法離巢覓食,需仰賴親 鳥餵食與保護。而親鳥並未將蛋殼攜出巢外,而是直接推出巢下。幼鳥排遺時,親鳥會位移至巢邊,向巢外噴出濃稠之白色液狀糞便。剛孵出的幼鳥全身有白色絨毛,皮膚呈粉紅色,嘴喙黑色,嘴尖淡色。</div><div>>第3天:可展翅。</div><div>>第4天:皮膚透黑,有稀疏白毛。可自己走到巢邊排泄,且會咬住親鳥的嘴乞食,也會鳴叫。</div><div>>第5天:長出初級飛羽,腹下無毛,可自行調整體溫,可在巢內移動,會注意四周環境。</div><div>>第6天:幼鳥會互相爭食。</div><div>>第8天:長出冠羽。</div><div>>第9天:腳粗短,呈黃綠色,翼下長出羽毛。開始練習咬樹枝,可自行理毛,會躲在親鳥腹下躲雨。</div><div>>第10天,白色絨羽漸次脫落,由顏色較深之羽毛取代。練習揮翅。</div><div>>第11天,頭上絨毛有脫落現象。會發出「七、七」的乞食聲。</div><div>>第12天,會啄食巢內小動物。</div><div>>第14天,除了頭上為白毛外,其他毛色轉為黑色(完成換羽),注視樹下親鳥咬樹枝及築巢;張嘴抖動喉部散熱。</div><div>>第15天,尾部毛色轉為褐灰色,會主動乞食。</div><div>>第19天,會開始發出間歇性且平和的ㄍㄟˊ、ㄍㄟˊ、ㄍㄟˊ叫聲。</div><div>>第20天,乞食趨於積極,會猛咬親鳥的嘴。。</div><div>>第21天,對其他動物的侵入會採取警戒狀態。</div><div>>第23天,全身羽於皆已豐滿,嘴黑色,頭頂黑色,腳灰綠色;具有亞成鳥外型,並具備單獨活動能力;受干擾或須警戒時,會採擬態狀,亦即全身不動,僅頭部和眼睛輕微轉動。</div><div>>第25天,眼先的顏色轉成像親鳥的藍色。</div><div>>第27天,首度踏出巢外。</div><div>>第28天,親鳥咬樹枝交給幼鳥練習築巢。</div><div>>第30天,可穩健踏出巢外。</div><div>>第32天,離巢,但仍停在附近,隔天才離開,仍需親鳥餵食。</div><div>>第43天,可獨立覓食並飛離。</div><div><br /></div><div>(六)離巢</div><div><br /></div><div> 黑冠麻鷺幼鳥在離巢後雖已具飛行能力,卻仍跟隨著親鳥索食,甚至有些幼鳥獨立離巢後25天,仍跟隨親鳥在附近活動。對此,親鳥會同時照顧前一窩離巢的幼鳥,以及輪流進行第二窩孵卵工作的生殖重疊現象,而且黑冠麻鷺的整體生殖成功率並未因生殖第二窩而受到影響,顯然黑冠麻鷺具有一個繁殖季內連續成功繁殖2次以上的能力。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>十、繁殖成功率</div><div><br /></div><div> 影響黑冠麻鷺生殖成功率的因素包括親鳥年齡、天敵掠食、惡劣天氣、土地利用類型,以及舊巢位的再使用(姚正得,2002)。根據姚正得(2002)的研究顯示,黑冠麻鷺的繁殖成功率(每巢至少一隻幼鳥成功離巢的比率)介於60.52%至69.07%。其中,使用舊巢繁殖的親鳥,無論是孵卵期成功率、育雛期成功率,或是總繁殖成功率都顯著比第一次使用新巢繁殖還要高,其因在於使用舊巢可節省許多時間和能量,使親鳥得以有潛能在一個繁殖季繁殖兩次以上。</div><div><br /></div><div> 其次,姚正得(2002)的研究發現,較成熟親鳥的繁殖成功率(74.27%)顯著高於一年齡親鳥的繁殖成功率(21.11%)。許家瑋(2020)的研究也發現,成熟親鳥在不同階段的繁殖表現皆較亞成親鳥高,其因可能是較成熟親鳥的育雛經驗、覓食效率、繁殖能力均較佳。</div><div><br /></div><div> 再者,胡正恆(2021)以都會公園所做的研究顯示,黑冠麻鷺的整體孵化率和幼雛存活率皆大於90 %,繁殖成功率高達95.7%;許嘉瑋(2020)綜合姚正得(2002)和自己的研究結果也指出,愈接近都市化環境,黑冠麻鷺的繁殖成功率愈高,此乃因為都市中黑冠麻鷺每巢上方的枝葉覆蓋度至少都有70%,且平均覆蓋度達80%以上,達到巢位隱蔽的功效,以減低天敵獵食的風險。</div><div><br /></div><div> 此外,許嘉瑋(2020)和Lai(2016a)的觀察均發現,黑冠麻鷺親鳥和幼雛會有共同巢防禦的行為,亦即當外力靠近巢穴時,親鳥會在巢旁進行威嚇或發出鳴叫,雛鳥則會鼓著絨毛及張嘴威嚇,甚至吐出食糜或排泄,以干擾入侵者。若巢防禦力道較弱,則其離巢幼鳥數將明顯較整體平均低,顯示黑冠麻鷺的繁殖成功率也可能與其巢防禦的能力有關。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>十一、行為模式</div><div><br /></div><div> 根據沈瑞琛、陳立楨(1996)的研究發現,黑冠麻鷺親鳥在巢中對於來自外部或內部的干擾會表現出三種行為模式,依序是警戒,擬態及威嚇,茲分述如下:</div><div><br /></div><div>(一)警戒</div><div><br /></div><div> 當有其他體型較小的動物進入一定範圍內,會豎起羽冠、抬頭或伸長脖子,雙眼注視入侵者,若仍無改變,則會抵禦或大聲警告(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996)。許嘉瑋(2020)即指出,當外力接近巢位時,黑冠麻鷺會有警戒反應,在探巢時則會有守禦、強烈的攻擊、鳴叫,甚至驅離等主動巢防禦的行為。</div><div><br /></div><div>(二)威嚇</div><div><br /></div><div> 當雌鳥離開太久或幼鳥索食,會站起身子,豎起羽冠並張嘴,若仍無改變,則會置之不理。</div><div><br /></div><div>(三)擬態</div><div><br /></div><div> 當體型較自己大的動物進入一定範圍內,會伸長脖子,但不豎起羽冠。許嘉瑋(2020)即指出,由於體色與巢相近,因此黑冠麻鷺在巢中常保持不動,以發揮偽裝的功能,而不易被天敵發現。然而,若侵入者持續逼近,則黑冠麻鷺會選擇離去(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996)。</div><div> </div><div> 其次,根據學者專家的觀察,黑冠麻鷺對人類的逃避距離大約介於4公尺至10公尺(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996;袁孝維,2011;許家瑋,2020),其中,亞成鳥較大膽,成鳥的警戒心則較強(袁孝維,2011)。葛兆年、 鄭惟仁(2011)針對臺北植物園8種樹棲型和地棲型的鳥類進行調查,以了解鳥類對人類干擾的容忍力,結果顯示,黑冠麻鷺的察覺及驚飛距離皆大於灰樹鵲、紅尾伯勞、白頭翁等樹棲型鳥類,原因在於黑冠麻鷺與人類在同一個平面活動,其生命安全有較高風險,故對於人類活動有較高的警覺;而且在地面活動的遮蔽物較少,較容易察覺到人類靠近。不過,研究也發現,黑冠麻鷺的察覺距離和驚飛距離間的相關性較同為地棲型鳥類的喜鵲、珠頸斑鳩、虎斑地鶇、麻雀等小,亦即黑冠麻鷺雖已察覺人類靠近,但允許人類繼續接近到飛離的緩衝距離較長。對此,研究者認為,此乃因為黑冠麻鷺的體色能讓牠模擬環境,而此種擬態特性可能讓黑冠麻鷺較能容忍外力的侵入。</div><div> </div><div> 再者,紅嘴黑鵯、珠頸斑鳩、五色鳥、紅鳩對於黑冠麻鷺來說並不會造成威脅,所以彼此間均能泰然相處(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996)。</div><div> </div><div> 此外,黑冠麻鷺雖屬地棲型鳥類,但需要上巢餵食及遇到緊急情況時,則會展翅飛行(沈瑞琛、陳立楨,1996)。值得注意的是,黑冠麻鷺也有長途播遷的行為,例如Lai(2016b)指出,有一隻黑冠麻鷺從台大校園離巢後,飛到苗栗落腳,兩地相隔87公里;還有幾隻黑冠麻鷺從台北離巢後,飛到新竹或宜蘭展開新生活。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>十二、威脅</div><div><br /></div><div> 近年來,黑冠麻鷺在都會區出現的頻率愈來愈高,許家瑋(2020)指出,都市環境中的人為活動比例較自然環境高,致使鳥巢的天敵減少,乃是黑冠麻鷺得以在都市地區繁殖成功的重要因素。然而,現今都市公園在進行修剪花木時,常以綠美化為主要考量,而未將野生動物的利用納入評估,例如本校進行花木修剪時,往往將較下層的枝幹除掉,使樹冠高度愈來愈高,進而迫使黑冠麻鷺的築巢位置隨之拉高,如此一來,將使黑冠麻鷺耗費更多的力氣往返於巢穴與覓地之間,進而對其繁殖成功率造成不利的影響。因此建議未來能將動物的棲地利用,納入修枝時的評估作業中。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>十三、參考文獻</div><div><br /></div><div>[中文部分]</div><div><br /></div><div>1.Lai, Y. T.(2016a)。黑冠麻鷺,公民科學第一哩「鷺」。泛科學。</div><div><br /></div><div>2.Lai, Y. T.(2016b)。黑冠麻鷺故事館,從小腳環開始通緝大笨鳥。泛科學。</div><div><br /></div><div>3.王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛、楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮(1991)。臺灣野鳥圖鑑。亞舍圖書有限公司,臺北。</div><div><br /></div><div>4.佚名(先秦)。<a href="https://ctext.org/er-ya/zh" target="_blank">爾雅</a>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</div><div><br /></div><div>5.沈瑞琛、陳立楨(1996)。黑冠麻鷺棲息分布及繁殖生物學之初探。臺灣省立博物館年刊,39。 Pp.183-199。</div><div><br /></div><div>6.周鎮(1999)。鳳凰谷的野鳥。鳳凰谷鳥園。</div><div><br /></div><div>7.姚正得(2002)。台灣中部地區黑冠麻鷺(Gorsachiusmelanophus)之生殖生態。東海大學生物學系碩士論文。未出版。</div><div><br /></div><div>8.姚正得、尤少彬、林良恭(2000)。黑冠麻鷺(Gorsachius relanolophaus)之生殖自然史初探。生物科學,43(1)。Pp.11-17。</div><div><br /></div><div>9.段玉裁(1815)。<a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=528853" target="_blank">說文解字注</a>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。。</div><div><br /></div><div>10.洪孝宇、詹芳澤、林依蓉、林佩羿、王齡敏、黃獻文(2010)。領角鴞和黑冠麻鷺繁殖期宇氣溫的相關性。台灣生物多樣性研究,12(1)。Pp. 15-28。</div><div><br /></div><div>11.胡正恆(2021)。黑冠麻鷺在台北都會林繁殖的生態特性。華岡農科學報,47。Pp.1-14。</div><div><br /></div><div>12.袁孝維(2011)。<a href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~cpo/environ/malay2010report.pdf" target="_blank">臺大校園黑冠麻鷺之族群調查與行為生態研究</a>。臺大校園規劃小組補助計畫</div><div>成果報告。</div><div><br /></div><div>13.張晉嘉(2021)。以系統性調查及公民科學探討都市黑冠麻鷺棲地偏好。立臺灣大學生物資源暨農學院森林環境暨資源學系碩士論文。未出版。</div><div><br /></div><div>14.教育部國語推行委員會(2021)。<a href="https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=1836&la=0&powerMode=0" target="_blank">教育部重編國語辭典修訂本</a>。</div><div><br /></div><div>15.莊周(先秦)。<a href="https://ctext.org/zhuangzi/zh" target="_blank">莊子</a>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</div><div><br /></div><div>16.許坤金(2020/8/16)。生物課課堂演講。</div><div><br /></div><div>17.許慎(東漢)。<a href="https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/zh" target="_blank">說文解字</a>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</div><div><br /></div><div>18.許嘉瑋(2020)。都市黑冠麻鷺(Gorsachius melanolophus)巢位選擇。國立臺灣大學生物資源暨</div><div>農學院森林環境暨資源學系碩士論文。未出版。</div><div><br /></div><div>19.陳彭年等(1008)。<a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=202286" target="_blank">大宋重修廣韻</a>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</div><div><br /></div><div>20.葛兆年、 鄭惟仁(2011)。都市綠地鳥類是否改變了對人類干擾的容忍力?—以台北植物園為例。中華林學季刊, 44(3)。Pp.435-444。</div><div><br /></div><div>21.劉亭雅(2018)。<a href="https://teia.tw/archives/natural_valley_star/ab2018-07-01" target="_blank">黑冠麻鷺</a>。自然谷。</div><div><br /></div><div>22.劉義驊(1992)。黑冠麻鷺。中華飛羽,5(12)。p.52。</div><div><br /></div><div>23.顏重威、方偉宏(2012)。鷺科。劉小如、丁宗蘇、方偉宏、林文宏、蔡牧起、顏重威(著)。臺灣鳥類誌(上)第二版。Pp.286-369。行政院農業委員會林務局。</div><div><br /></div><div>24.羅願(1174)。<a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=851420" target="_blank">爾雅翼</a>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</div><div><br /></div><div>25.蘇貴福(2018)。<a href="https://www.kwbs.org.tw/magazine/data/346/P10-12.pdf" target="_blank">鳥名的由來-大麻鷺&海鷗</a>。鳥語,346。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>[英文部分]</div><div><br /></div><div>1.Bartleby.com.(2023). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050119035811/http:/www.bartleby.com/61/" target="_blank">Dictionary of the English Language</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div>2.Chang, C. C.(2000). Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius Melanolophus Breeding in Immature Plumage. Forktail, 16. Pp.167-168.</div><div><br /></div><div>3.Compost, A.,& Milton, G. R.(1986). An Early Arrival of the Malayan Night-Heron Gorsachius Melanolophus in Java. Kukila, 2(4). Pp.88-90.</div><div><br /></div><div>4.Gill F., Donsker, D.,& Rasmussen, P.(Eds). <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/" target="_blank">2023. IOC World Bird List</a> (v13.2). </div><div><br /></div><div>5.Hu, J.,& Liu, Y.(2014). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084529" target="_blank">Unveiling the conservation biogeography of a data-deficient endangered bird species under climate change</a>. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e84529 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0084529.</div><div><br /></div><div>6.Jobling, J. A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.</div><div><br /></div><div>7.Kawakami, K., & Fujita, M.(2005). The distribution of the Malayan Night Heron Gorsachius melanolophus in the Yaeyama and Miyako Islands, southern Japan. The Ornithological Society of Japan, 4. Pp. 73-79. </div><div><br /></div><div>8.Kawakami, K., Fujita, M., Hasegawa, M.,& Makihara, H.(2011). Dietary characteristics of the Malayan Night Heron (Gorsachius melanolophus) in the Yaeyama Islands, southern Japan. Chinese Birds, 2(2). Pp.87-93.</div><div><br /></div><div>9.Norval1, G., Chiu, P. K., Chu, H. P.,& Mao, J. J.(2011). An Instance of Predation on a Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei Duméril & Bibron, 1837) by a Malay Night Heron. Herpetology Notes, 4. Pp.5-7.</div><div><br /></div><div>10.Pearson, H. F.(2023). <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stamford-Raffles" target="_blank">Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles</a>. Britannica.</div><div><br /></div><div>11.Raffles, T. S.(1822).Second Part of the Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection made in the Island of Sumatra and its vicinity. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13(Part 2). Pp.277-340.</div><div><br /></div><div>12.Rees, T.(2011a). <a href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11079142" target="_blank">Ardea melanolopha Raffles, 1822</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div>13.Rees, T.(2011b). <a href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10941219" target="_blank">Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles, 1822)</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div>14.The IUCN Red List(2023). <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/background-history" target="_blank">Malay Night-heron</a>..</div><div><br /></div><div>15.Wang, X. & Clarke, J. A.(2014). Phylogeny and Forelimb Disparity in Waterbirds. Evolution, 68(10). Pp.2847-2860.</div></div><div><br /></div>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-74877986148265303562023-11-05T21:21:00.007+08:002023-11-05T23:24:07.270+08:00仁特鳥類誌04-大卷尾<p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px;">李明洋 </p><p style="background-color: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15.4px;">(*歡迎引用,但請尊重智慧財產權,務必註明出處,謝謝)</p><p>學 名:Dicrurus macrocercus</p><p>分 類:雀形目(Passeriformes)、卷尾科(Dicruridae)、卷尾屬(Dicrurus)</p><p>命名者:Vieillot, L. J. P.,1817</p><p>臺灣亞種:<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Dicrurus macrocercus
harterti</span></p><p>亞種命名者:Baker, E. C. S., 1918</p><p>英 文 名:Black drongo</p><p>保育等級:無危 (臺灣特有亞種)</p><p>遷徙狀態:留鳥</p><p>校園狀況:二至三隻,常棲息於森林區與紅磚車道交接處樹上<span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQdk36013xpDIQBXwJF7oAaJed_BhCe1T7-zgaoyihJo-o8XWsWqtkAKM8PP2AwrJoIPetABu812UiwYE-xCBn2r65siW2wwBqp2NRzS2-WtUgmyOmoAyiIQVCAPolJ-067ylAqE1mN_EkNO2IvYTSTvw2yGdwIn-AvTkvzuK0VAR6nkgBXuQ8uQvAowU" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQdk36013xpDIQBXwJF7oAaJed_BhCe1T7-zgaoyihJo-o8XWsWqtkAKM8PP2AwrJoIPetABu812UiwYE-xCBn2r65siW2wwBqp2NRzS2-WtUgmyOmoAyiIQVCAPolJ-067ylAqE1mN_EkNO2IvYTSTvw2yGdwIn-AvTkvzuK0VAR6nkgBXuQ8uQvAowU=s16000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖1 大卷尾通體黑不溜秋,又名黑秋,為臺灣特有亞種</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdvMB0Uu0X73TxfWJpaHESoH5XDbPCb241vRhhjg7WO47p4hb3ZHOI8d0LPMdZExdIbjDSeG9AKN-H4E0G7YsmxDl0mEpjdnG4xC0AoCOYsDBRW2PsxYR4zcvwqt6h1M3lVZoZnOZuVAWhncksNjQ_Et7NHIMjVMDqaHyj_oBbWXwzJvSpvm6cqd9ay8E" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdvMB0Uu0X73TxfWJpaHESoH5XDbPCb241vRhhjg7WO47p4hb3ZHOI8d0LPMdZExdIbjDSeG9AKN-H4E0G7YsmxDl0mEpjdnG4xC0AoCOYsDBRW2PsxYR4zcvwqt6h1M3lVZoZnOZuVAWhncksNjQ_Et7NHIMjVMDqaHyj_oBbWXwzJvSpvm6cqd9ay8E=s16000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;">圖2 大卷尾棲息在停車告示牌上,環視四方,保持警戒</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">一、分類</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: 標楷體; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 大卷尾的學名為Dicrurus macrocercus,由法國鳥類學家Vieillot所命名(Vieillot, 1817),屬於雀形目(Passeriformes),卷尾科(Dicruridae)。早先,卷尾科鳥類分為山卷尾屬(Chaetorhynchus)和卷尾屬(Dicrurus)兩個屬(林文宏,2012;Charles, 1949),但近年來,根據分子分析(Molecular analysis)的結果,將山卷尾屬中的唯一1種巴布亞山卷尾(Chaetorhynchus papuensis)歸類於扇尾鶲科(Rhipiduridae),所以卷尾科鳥類僅剩1個屬,即卷尾屬(Irestedt, Fuchs, Jønsson, Ohlson, JPasquetf,& Ericson, 2008)。</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 目前全世界卷尾屬的鳥類共有30種(Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2022),分布於臺灣的卷尾屬鳥類共有4種,包括髮冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)、灰卷尾(Dicrurus leucophaeus)、小卷尾(Dicrurus aeneus)和大卷尾(林文宏,2012)。大卷尾曾被認為是叉尾卷尾(Dicrurus adsimilis)的其中一個亞種,現在學界則普遍認為兩者是分布在不同地區的相異物種,其中,大卷尾為亞洲鳥種,叉尾卷尾則為非洲鳥種(Charles, 1949)。</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 而根據Fei、Hou、Zhou和Xue(2021)採用聚合酶鏈反應法(polymerase chain reaction method),針對大卷尾的粒線體基因組進行系統發育分析(phylogenetic analysis)"發現,包括大卷尾、髮冠卷尾在內的卷尾科(Dicrurus)與包括虎紋伯勞(lanius tigrinus)、棕背伯勞(lanius schach)的伯勞科(Laniidae)和包括喜鵲(Pica pica)、小嘴烏鴉(corvus corone)、渡鴉(corvus corax)的鴉科(Corvidae)的基因最接近,而在卷尾科中,大卷尾(black drongo)則和髮冠卷尾(hair-crested drongo)的親緣關係最近。</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 隸屬亞洲鳥種的大卷尾共有7個亞種,分布於臺灣的大卷尾則為臺灣特有亞種,學名為Dicrurus macrocercus harterti(林文宏,2012),係由英國鳥類學家Baker予以命名(Baker,1918)。</span></div><div style="font-family: 標楷體;"><br /></div></span></div><p>二、名稱</p><p> 大卷尾的名稱相當多,有黑卷尾、烏秋、烏鶖,也有烏臼,英文則稱為Black Drongo。茲分述如下:</p><p>(一)烏秋、烏鶖、烏臼:根據東漢許慎《說文解字》的說法,「烏,孝鳥也。象形。」清朝段玉裁的《說文解字注》則解釋道「鳥字點睛,烏則不,以純黑故不見其睛也。」元朝熊忠的《古今韻會舉要‧虞韻》也說:「烏,黑色曰烏。」又根據周鎮(1999)和黃有評(2023)的說法,由於大卷尾全身羽毛烏黑亮麗,在陽光照射下黑不溜秋的,故俗名叫烏秋;又為了強調是鳥類,所以將秋加上了鳥部,其成為鶖,故成為「烏鶖」。至於烏臼的稱呼,明朝李時珍在《本草綱目》中寫道:「江東謂之烏臼,…小於烏,能逐烏。」由此可知,烏臼即有可能是因為地域的關係,在發音上有所差異,亦即將烏秋唸成了烏臼(t02613,2018)。</p><p>(二)大卷尾、黑卷尾:由於卷尾科鳥類擁有長且末端分叉上翹的尾巴,故名為卷尾,又為了有別於體型較小的相似種,故名為大卷尾(黃有評,2023)。至於黑卷尾的稱呼,理應是通體黑色,尾巴分叉上翹,故名。</p><p>(三)Black Drongo:根據Brisson(1970,引自Jobling, 2010)的解釋,Drango原本是馬達加斯加島人對當地的馬島冠卷尾(Madagascar Crested Drongo)的稱呼。後來則被用以對卷尾科鳥類的通稱。</p><p> 此外,大卷尾的學名為Dicrurus macrocercus harterti,查閱Jobling(2010)編寫的《科學鳥類字典(The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names)》, dicrurus係由古希臘文dikros和ouros組成,dikros的意思是分岔的(forked),ouros的意思是尾巴的(tailed),所以Dicrurus係指這種鳥有著分岔的尾巴;macrocercus係由古希臘文makros和kerkos組成,makros的意思是長的(long),kerkos的意思是尾巴(tail),所以macrocercus係指這種鳥有著長長的尾巴。</p><p> 至於harterti則是為了紀念德國鳥類學家暨前羅斯柴爾德博物館(Lord Rothschild's Museum at Tring)館長Ernst Hartert(Jobling, 2010;Natural History Museum, 2023)。由此可知,Dicrurus macrocercus harterti的意思是"用以紀念Hartert的一種擁有長長分岔尾巴的鳥"。</p><p> 值得一提的是,大卷尾又有鴉王(The King-Crow)的封號,原因在於牠的體色像烏鴉一樣黑,而且生性剛猛,會為了守衛巢穴而無懼於抵抗諸如鷹、隼、鳩等體型較大的猛禽,又不會恃強凌弱,因此黃鸝(Oriolus oriolus)、紅鳩(Streptopelia tranquebarica)等性情溫和的鳥類會在大卷尾的巢穴附近築巢,以接受牠的保護,宛如國王一般(Awais & Bibi, 2014;Whistler, 1949)。 </p><div><br /></div><div>三、分布</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 大卷尾為許多南亞國家的本土鳥種(Grimmett et al. 1999,引自Acharjee & Islam, 2019),分布於伊朗東南部、阿富汗、巴基斯坦、印度、孟加拉、不丹、西藏東南部、斯里蘭卡、緬甸、柬埔寨、中國東北及華南以南、臺灣、爪哇、峇里島等地(林文宏,2012;Acharjee & Islam, 2019;Awais & Bibi, 2014;Decandido, R., Nualsri, C.,& Allen, D., 2004;Fei, Hou, Zhou,& Xue, 2021;Grimmett et al., 2009,引自Bilal, Khalid, Mosvi,& Naseer, 2020; Whistler, 1949;Zhang, Gou, Li, Wang, Peng, Hu, Zhang, Yu,& Su, 2021)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 位於太平洋的羅塔島(Rota)和關島(Guam)則經由人為引進大卷尾。此外,分布於北方的大卷尾族群,冬天時會遷徙到緯度較低的低海拔地方過冬,最南到達印度中部、馬來西亞和蘇門答臘(Decandido, R., Nualsri, C.,& Allen, D., 2004)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 在臺灣,大卷尾廣泛分布於平地及海拔1000公尺以下的淺山地區,離島如澎湖、蘭嶼、綠島和龜山島等均有少數紀錄(林大利、鄭亦淳、陳威廷,2013;林文宏,2012)。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>四、外型</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 大卷尾雌雄鳥同型,通體黑色略帶有藍色光澤,尾巴很長,末端較寬且分叉,微微上翹,為其特色(林文宏,2012;沙謙中,2008;Awais & Bibi, 2014;Kaur & Kler, 2018b;Shukkur & Joseph, 1978;Whistler, 1949;Zhang, Gou, Li, Wang, Peng, Hu, Zhang, Yu,& Su, 2021)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 大卷尾成鳥(2歲以上) 的虹膜呈暗褐色,腳和喙均呈黑色,上喙尖端略下彎,適合用來撕裂獵物,喙基部有剛毛(林文宏,2012;沙謙中,2008;黃有評,2023;Shukkur & Joseph, 1978;Whistler, 1949)。亞成鳥和1歲鳥(3至12個月)的身體下部、尾下覆羽和翼下覆羽的羽毛則呈白色,肛門斑(ractal spot)較大且明顯,嘴喙和腳呈石板黑色(slaty black)。2歲鳥(1至2歲)只有尾下覆羽呈白色(Shukkur & Joseph, 1978)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 通常,大卷尾會在6至10個月大時換羽,會先從初級飛羽開始換羽(6至7月),然後是次級飛羽(7至8月)、尾羽(rectrices)。體羽則是從7月至11月換羽(Shukkur & Joseph, 1978)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 根據林文宏(2012)整理自「國立自然科學博物館」的資料顯示,大卷尾雌雄鳥體長約莫29公分,雄鳥翼長13.8至14.6公分,尾長12.6至14.5公分,嘴蜂長1.98至2.17公分,跗蹠長2.11至2.32公分;雌鳥翼長14.1至14.7公分,尾長13.9至14.2公分,嘴蜂長1.76至2公分,跗蹠長1.98至2.31公分。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>五、鳴聲</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 有關大卷尾的鳴聲,在南朝梁宗懍的《荊楚歲時記》和明朝李時珍的《本草綱目》中,都把大卷尾的鳴聲描述為「架架格格。」可見大卷尾的叫聲並不悅耳。</div><div><br /></div><div> 而根據林文宏(2012)在《臺灣鳥類誌》裡的描述,大卷尾鳴叫聲為「嘎啾~」,第一聲頗為粗啞,第二聲較圓潤且響亮,一連叫數次。繁殖期間,鳴聲較平時婉轉,且略富變化;幼鳥的鳴聲比成鳥圓潤,「啾」音較多次,有時還會發出近似紅嘴黑鵯的「喵」叫聲。當幼鳥剛離巢時,親子都會反覆鳴叫,以便彼此知曉位置。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>六、棲地</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 大卷尾可以適應各類型的農村棲地,但較傾向以開闊的農耕地和草原為棲地,有些甚至終年生活在大都市的公園綠地周遭(林文宏,2012;黃有評,2023;Grimmett et al., 2009; BirdLife International, 2020,均引自Bilal, et al., 2020; Whistler, 1949)。一般認為,鳥類會以停棲點為圓心進行搜索(Yosef & Grubb, 1992,引自Narayana, Rao,& Reddy, 2014),若停棲點夠高,就能夠探索更廣泛的空間(Narayana, Rao,& Reddy, 2014)。大卷尾即是如此。通常,大卷尾傾向於停棲在制高點,例如電線、建築物的突出處、樹林、竹林的上層邊緣,一邊搖擺著長尾巴,一邊搜尋空中和地面上的昆蟲,而鮮少進入樹林內部(林大利、鄭亦淳、陳威廷,2013;林文宏,2012;周鎮,1999;Kaur & Kler, 2018a;Whistler, 1949;Zhang, Gou, Li, Wang, Peng, Hu, Zhang, Yu,& Su, 2021)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 根據Narayana、Rao和Reddy(2014)針對印度東南部安德拉邦(Andhra Pradesh)納爾貢達區(Nalgonda District)的大卷尾族群所做的調查發現,大卷尾停棲的地點,頻率由高至低依序是電線(63%)、灌木(22%)、喬木(14%)、地面(1%);最常停棲的高度介於9至12公尺(48%)。而根據Kaur & Kler(2018a)的研究則指出,大卷尾的棲地高度會因繁殖季與非繁殖季而有所不同:在繁殖季(5月至8月),大卷尾傾向在巢穴所在、高度較低的樹枝上棲息,以就近保護巢穴、鳥蛋和雛鳥的安全;在非繁殖季(9月至隔年4月),大卷尾則傾向在高度較高的電線上棲息,以便察覺獵物,有利捕食獵物。</div><div><br /></div><div> Bilal、Khalid、Mosvi和Naseer(2020)的研究則進一步發現,大卷尾最常在電線上停棲,最不常停棲的樹種是番石榴樹(Psidium guajava)、閻浮樹(Syzygium cumini)、金合歡(Acacia modesta);而大卷尾停棲位置的高度,最高是11公尺,最低是0.7公尺,顯見大卷尾可以因應需要,停棲在不同高度之處。例如當園丁在除草時,大卷尾即停棲在較低的位置(0.7公尺至2.5公尺),以便捕捉被驚擾而起飛的昆蟲。</div><div><br /></div><div> 值得一提的是,雖然有資料顯示,大卷尾具有很強的領域性,會攻擊其他鳥種,所以經常孤單地停棲在電線上,然而根據Bilal、Khalid、Mosvi和Naseer(2020)所做的研究發現,大卷尾和其他19種鳥類在距離5公尺範圍內的地點覓食和停棲,大卷尾與其他鳥類共享棲地的頻率(n=140)高於獨處(n=80)。Kaur和Kler(2018a)針對印度旁遮普大學(Punjab Agricultural University, PAU)校園裡的大卷尾所做的研究發現,大卷尾會和其他10種鳥在相同位置覓食和棲息。Shukkur 和Joseph(1978)的研究則指出,大卷尾會和叢林鶇鶥(Turdoides striata)和印度白頭鶇鶥(Turdoides affinis)一起覓食。</div><div><br /></div><div> 而Shukkur和Joseph(1978)的研究則相當詳盡地描述大卷尾和黑喉紅臀鵯(pycnonotus cafer)的連帶關係。根據他們的觀察,黑喉紅臀鵯為了獲得保護,當大卷尾開始築巢後3至5天,黑喉紅臀鵯也開始在距離大卷尾巢穴1至10公尺的同一株樹上築巢,花3至4天築完巢,然後花11至13天孵蛋。結果有18個黑喉紅臀鵯的巢穴位在和大卷尾巢穴同一株樹上,而且兩者相安無事;而有3個大卷尾捨棄了巢穴,同一株樹上的黑喉紅臀鵯也就沒有將巢穴完成;而有1個大卷尾的巢穴被人類摧毀,致使同一株樹上的黑喉紅臀鵯也捨棄了牠的巢。此外,Shukkur和Joseph(1978)觀察到白眉扇尾鶲(Rhipidura aureola)同樣也有尋求大卷尾保護的現象,亦即當牠們聽到大卷尾的叫聲時,就會加入大卷尾構成的防禦圈,以尋求庇護。</div><div><br /></div><div> 國內的研究也有類似的發現。例如Chu( 2007)的研究發現,大卷尾和黃鸝的巢穴往往非常接近,有時甚至會在同一株樹上築巢,因為牠們會彼此提供保護,當發現入侵者時,黃鸝會鳴叫示警,大卷尾則會驅逐入侵者。而早在1859年,Swinhoe發表在<皇家學會華北分會會刊(Journal of North-China Branch of Royal Asiantic Society)>的一篇名為《福爾摩莎探訪記述(Narrative of a visit to the Island of Formosa)》的論文中即有大卷尾和黃鸝同處在竹林裡生活的描述(Swinhoe, 1859)。無獨有偶的,筆者在校園裡也經常看到一至三隻大卷尾停棲在森林區靠近紅磚車道旁的黃連木上,同時還有黃鸝、麻雀、斑文鳥、珠頸斑鳩、白尾八哥等鳥種在附近的樹上或草地上活動,彼此互不侵犯。</div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>七、食性</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 大卷尾為食蟲鳥,性情頗為兇猛,常成對生活或以小群體生活,主要以大型昆蟲或其幼蟲為食,例如蝶蝴、蛾、蜻蜓、蟬、蜂、果蠅、甲蟲、蚱蜢、白蟻、蜘蛛、螞蟻等(林文宏,2012;Kaur & Kler, 2018a;Whistler, 1949;Shukkur & Joseph, 1978;Zhao 2001,引自Zhang, Gou, Li, Wang, Peng, Hu, Zhang, Yu,& Su, 2021)。偶爾也會捕食小型的兩棲動物、爬行動物、魚類、鳥類或哺乳動物(林大利、鄭亦淳、陳威廷,2013;林文宏,2012;黃有評,2023;Ali & Ripley, 1983, D’Silva et al., 1990, Senthilmurugan, 2005,均引自Acharjee & Islam, 2019;Kasambe, 2009)。</div><div> </div><div> 一般而言,大卷尾傾向於單獨覓食,牠們會停棲在枝梢、電線上或牛背上捕食。例如黃有評(2023)回憶幼時在鄉下幫忙種田時,常會見到大卷尾停棲在牛背上,伺機捕捉牛隻吃草或耕田時,因受驚而飛起的昆蟲。不過,在食物豐富的地域,例如農人耕耘或割草時,常會群聚覓食(林大利、鄭亦淳、陳威廷,2013;林文宏,2012)。例如Shukkur(1978,引自Shukkur & Joseph, 1978)曾看過25隻大卷尾集體捕食白蟻群,也曾目睹過10隻大卷尾在水溝和化糞池邊捕食蚊子。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>八、捕食</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 大卷尾的捕食技巧相當好,大致有以下幾種捕食方式(林文宏,2012;黃有評,2023;Bilal, Khalid, Mosvi,& Naseer, 2020;Kaur & Kler, 2018a;Narayana, Rao,& Reddy, 2014;Whistler, 1949;Zhao 2001,引自Zhang, et al., 2021):</div><div><br /></div><div>(一)空中捕食:大卷尾停棲在視野良好的枝頭或電線上守望,一旦發現獵物,即刻飛出追擊,以喙在空中咬住獵物,再迅速返回到原處略作處理,例如拔掉昆蟲翅膀再吞食。</div><div><br /></div><div>(二)樹上捕食:大卷尾在停棲點觀察附近的花木,當發現樹上有昆蟲或幼蟲,隨即飛至該處,以喙捕捉獵物,然後返回原處進食。</div><div><br /></div><div>(三)地面捕食:大卷尾常利用農忙時間,停棲在牛隻背上,或跟隨耕耘機和除草工人,一旦地上的昆蟲受到驚擾而驚飛時,隨即飛到地面捕食。有時,大卷尾也會停棲在矮灌木或土塊上,捕食從田地裡冒出來的昆蟲幼蟲</div><div><br /></div><div>(四)夜間捕食:生活在都市地區的大卷尾,有時會利用都市的燈光捕食夜間的昆蟲。</div><div> </div><div> 根據Narayana, Rao和Reddy(2014)在印度安德拉邦納爾貢達區(Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh)的雪坡里村(Sherpally)所進行的研究發現,在各種捕食方式中,在空中捕食(aerial feeding)是大卷尾最常採取的捕食方式(52%),其次是樹上捕食(27%),最後是地面捕食(21%)。顯示大捲尾擅於在空中捕捉飛行中的昆蟲。此種現象同時也被其他研究所證實。例如Kaur和Kler(2018a)以印度旁遮普大學(Punjab Agricultural University, PAU)校園裡的大卷尾所做的研究顯示,在各種捕食方式中,大卷尾最喜愛的是在空中捕食,佔52%。</div><div> </div><div> 而在Bilal、Khalid、Mosvi和Naseer(2020)以巴基斯坦博德瓦爾高原(Pothohar plateau)兩個村莊所進行的研究,同樣也發現大卷尾最常使用的捕食方式為空中捕食,佔52.27%,其次是花木捕食(26.36%),最後是地面捕食(21.36%)。此外,Bilal等人的研究還進一步發現,大卷尾補食時,首度出手即命中的比率佔59.54%;出手後,無論成功與否,返回停棲點的比率為67.27%。亦即,首度出手即命中後,多半會返回停棲點,若失手,則可能會換個地方,再出手,顯見大卷尾不僅空中捕食的技巧相當精湛外,還會將首度出手捕食的成功率做為捕食點的參考依據,是相當聰明的空中獵手。</div><div> </div><div> 一天當中,大卷尾花費最多的時間在覓食(Kaur & Kler, 2018a)。為了避開灼熱的太陽,大卷尾多半在清晨大量捕食,也會在日出前1至2小時、傍晚或日落後2至4小時,捕食被路燈吸引的昆蟲。大卷尾在清晨相當活躍,會唱歌、捕食,有時單獨,有時成對行動;中午就會在涼爽的樹蔭下休息(Shukkur & Joseph, 1978)。</div><div><br /></div><div> 筆者在校園裡,也曾經親眼目睹一隻停棲在黃連木上的大卷尾,突然振翅飛向距離20公尺外的一株鳳凰木,不一會兒工夫,就折回原處,此時嘴裡已叼著一條肥滋滋的鳳凰木裳蛾幼蟲,在枝幹上大快朵頤。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>九、繁殖</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div> 大卷尾的繁殖季大致介於4月至7月間,時間並不長(林文宏,2012;Shukkur & Joseph, 1978)。對此,Shukkur和Joseph(1978)認為,唯有如此才能避開高溫和颱風的侵襲,而且繁殖季間適逢雨季,昆蟲數量相當豐富,有利雛鳥生長,以及幼鳥離巢後自立更生。</div><div> </div><div> 有關大卷尾的繁殖情況,國內並無資料可供參考,然而,國外學者有做過相當詳盡的研究(Ali, Asokan, Manikannan,& Nithiyanandam, 2010; Awais & Bibi, 2014; Kaur & Kler, 2018b; Shukkur & Joseph, 1978; Whistler, 1949),因此,筆者參考彼等研究,大致將大卷尾的繁殖情形分為選定巢穴位置、劃定勢力範圍、構築巢穴、產卵、孵蛋、育雛、離巢等幾個階段,說明如下:</div><div><br /></div><div>(一)選定巢穴位置</div><div><br /></div><div> 大卷尾在2月底至3月初選擇巢穴位置,大卷尾喜歡選擇開闊草地上偶有高度5-30公尺的獨立樹木為築巢位置,該樹和其他樹木距離18-40公尺遠。大卷尾選擇構築巢穴的樹種包括雨樹(Enterolobium saman)、阿拉伯金合歡(Acacia nilotica)、印度苦楝(Azadirachta indica)、羅望子樹(Tamarindus indicus)、芒果樹、波蘿蜜、腰果樹(Anacardium occidentale) 、麻楝(Chukrasia tabularis)、水黃皮(Pongamia pinnata)、印度苦楝(Azadirachta indica)、苦楝(Melia azedarach)、美洲黑楊(Populus deltoids)上築巢,尤其偏愛波蘿蜜,因為波蘿蜜的樹葉間距較大,而且樹與樹的間隔也較大,視野較好。</div><div><br /></div><div>(二)劃定勢力範圍</div><div><br /></div><div> 當巢穴位置選定後,就會開始劃定勢力範圍,防止外力侵入領域。大卷尾的領域大約以巢穴所在的那株樹為中心,周邊0.3至1.2公頃的範圍,巢穴附近有許多制高點可供停棲,最高的樹往往是大卷尾最喜愛停棲的位置,以利監視周遭狀況。</div><div><br /></div><div>(三)構築巢穴</div><div><br /></div><div> 通常,大卷尾會在樹枝的水平分叉處築巢,巢穴的位置比較靠近枝幹的末梢,巢穴距離地面2.5至13公尺,巢穴的穴巢的周圍比底部厚,底部呈寬淺的杯狀(bottom cup shaped),巢穴重約9公克,直徑9公分,深度4公分。以細樹枝、細草莖、根或造的植物纖維,甚至以蜘蛛網或馬鬃毛為材料,將巢穴編織得相當堅固,平均6天完成。屆時,鳥蛋就朝天安置在巢裡。雄雌鳥一起築巢,早上每間隔10分鐘返回,之後就間隔20分鐘返回。築巢的時候,大卷尾會在巢穴所在的樹上,或附近的樹上棲息,約莫2小時,12:00至13:00,以及14:00至15:00。每隻鳥每天約莫往返35趟蒐集材料。當鳥一找到材料,不會直接返回巢穴,而是先在附近等待,觀望一下周遭,然後再飛到枝幹交叉處。在築巢早期,會坐在枝幹交叉處,把材料塞進巢穴,到了後期,就直接站在巢穴邊緣,把身體探進巢穴裡築巢。</div><div><br /></div><div>(四)產卵</div><div><br /></div><div> 築巢完畢後,就立刻進行產卵。四月初的第一場雨後的兩週,有60%的大卷尾產下蛋,產蛋時間介於早上7:00至9:00。當雌鳥在巢裡下蛋時,雄鳥會在領域裡的停棲處守望。當雌鳥產完蛋後,雄鳥會飛向雌鳥,發出低鳴聲,接著兩隻鳥會停棲在附近的枝幹上,伸展翅膀,抖動羽毛,然後去覓食。大卷尾的蛋為長橢圓形,表面平滑,質地脆弱,沒有光澤,顏色各異,主要有3種類型:1.純白色,沒有斑點;2.白色,上面有黑點;3.淡淡的鮭魚色,上面有紅褐色、紫褐色或黑色斑點,斑點通常不大,也不會密密麻麻的。蛋的長度約介於2.2至2.73公分,寬度為1.81至2.35公分,重量為3.4至7.2公克(約為成鳥體重的10%至11.8%,成鳥的平均體重為49公克)。每個巢產下3至5顆蛋。</div><div><br /></div><div>(五)孵蛋</div><div><br /></div><div> 進入孵蛋期後,大卷尾的領域性會更強烈,舉凡巨嘴鴉(Corvus macrorhynchos)、家鴉(Corvus splendens)、黑翅鳶(Elanus caeruleus)都不准進入領域;棕腹樹鵲(Dendrocitta vagabunda)、黃鸝(oriolus)雖然可以進入領域,但不可停棲在巢穴所在的樹上。平均孵蛋天數介於11至16天,雄雌鳥會輪流孵蛋,僅有少數由雄鳥負責孵蛋。負責孵蛋的親鳥在中午以前很少離巢,中午時,有1個小時左右沒有任何鳥孵蛋。雙親會花比較多時間在傍晚覓食。平均而言,第一顆蛋孵出和最後一顆蛋孵出的間隔時間介於24至28小時。</div><div><br /></div><div>(六)育雛</div><div><br /></div><div> 大卷尾的平均育雛天數介於17天至22天。剛孵出的雛鳥重約4公克,約為蛋平均重量的77.5%;雛鳥階段平均歷時16至20天,體重快速增加到第12天左右,然後呈現穩定狀態,直到離巢前會大量消耗脂肪,使體重下降,以強化翅膀的肌力,進而能順利離巢。育雛時,親鳥會直接將捕獲的獵物送進幼鳥的嘴裡,在雛鳥階段,會餵養質地較軟,尺寸較小的昆蟲。每一趟獵捕足夠餵飽一隻幼鳥。幼鳥的飛行技術尚未成熟,親鳥會保護和餵養牠們約一個月,牠們會利用這段期間練習飛行技術;出生後20天,幼鳥的尾巴才分叉,嘴角會有一個相當明顯的白點。 </div><div> </div><div> 茲將雛鳥的幾個重要發展過程羅列如下:</div><div>>剛出生:雛鳥眼睛閉著,身體光禿,成肉色,尚未伸展,嘴喙呈黃紅色,嘴喙下部呈白色,嘴緣上還有卵齒(Egg tooth);動作笨拙,腹部呈白色,會輕輕發出聲音,並將嘴喙朝向食物。</div><div><br /></div><div>>第3天:雛鳥會抬起頭,接受食物,也會發出較大的聲音乞食,體色包含較黑的色調。</div><div><br /></div><div>>第4天:雛鳥的皮膚下出現黑色的羽毛毛囊(feather follicles)。</div><div><br /></div><div>>第5天:長出羽毛。</div><div><br /></div><div>>第7天:身體其餘部分的羽毛長成針狀,飛羽(remiges)和尾羽(rectrices)突出。</div><div><br /></div><div>>第8天:可以張開眼睛,眼睛呈紅黑色;會振動翅膀,發出更大的叫聲;對於外界的刺激,如親鳥的叫聲,風吹樹枝發出的聲音,有較大的反應;嘴喙顏色變得更黑,腳脛變黑色。</div><div><br /></div><div>>第9至13天:除了羽下部分之外,羽毛覆蓋全身,初級、次級、尾羽長得更長,尾羽等長。</div><div><br /></div><div>>第2至3週:身體下面長滿羽毛,上面的羽毛黑色有光澤,下面的羽毛夾雜白色;拍動羽毛,想離開巢穴。</div><div><br /></div><div>>幼鳥多半會在第16至17天飛離巢穴,如果受到干擾,則會提早離開。</div><div><br /></div><div>(七)離巢</div><div><br /></div><div> 當幼鳥離巢後,就不會再返回巢穴。林文宏(2012)指出,幼鳥離巢後至多1個月就可以獨立生活了。有些幼鳥離巢後3個月內仍會回來向親鳥乞食,但親鳥不會理睬牠們,還會趕牠們。於是,某些幼鳥就會在巢穴附近徘徊數個月,甚至還有長達1年的案例。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>十、成功離巢率</div><div><br /></div><div> 大卷尾的育雛成功率和昆蟲數量及雨量多寡有著極為密切的關係。一般情況下,大卷尾幼雛的成功離巢率將近五成,甚至可達到八成,例如Awais和Bibi(2014)的研究發現,在71個大卷尾的巢穴中,共有239顆蛋,170顆蛋孵化成功,最後有110隻幼鳥離巢,所以成功離巢率為46.02%。Kaur和Kler(2018b)在2017年的研究則發現,由於當地居民會供給大卷尾食物,使其食物充足,使得大卷尾共產下66顆蛋,有59顆蛋順利孵化,最後有53隻幼鳥成功離巢,成功離巢率為80.3%。Ali、Asokan、Manikannan和Nithiyanandam(2010)的研究則發現,在全部的67顆蛋中,成功孵化出53隻雛鳥,最後順利離巢的有40隻,所以成功離巢率為59.7%。</div><div><br /></div><div> 然而,在雨量缺乏,導致食物不足的情況下,就有可能對大卷尾的繁殖造成不利的影響。例如Shukkur和Joseph(1978)的研究即現,由於1974年和1976年的雨量不足,導致昆蟲數量銳減,使得幼雛的成功離巢率分別只有26%和37%,表示平均每一對大卷尾只有1.1隻後代順利離巢。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>十一、重要性</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 大卷尾為肉食性鳥類,喜歡捕食的昆蟲大多是為害農作物的害蟲,具有生態防治的功效,在農業生態系統中扮演著著控制害蟲的重要角色,所以對農民來說是益鳥(Awais & Bibi, 2014; Kaur & Kler, 2018; Narayana, Rao,& Reddy, 2014)。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>十二、觀賞、調查</div><div><br /></div><div><div> 林大利、鄭亦淳和陳威廷(2013)曾以黑色、白色、紅色、橘色、迷彩等5種顏色,研究大卷尾對不同顏色、彩度和亮度的驚擾行為,結果顯示大卷尾對黑色(與其羽色相近)及迷彩(與背景顏色相近)的容忍度顯著較高,而對紅色(與羽色和背景差異最大)的容忍度顯著較低,彩度高的穿著之測值顯著高於彩度低者,亮度高的穿著之測值也顯著高於亮度低者。</div><div> </div><div> 此結果支持Burley(1986,引自林大利、鄭亦淳、陳威廷,2013)提出的物種信賴假說(species-confidence hypothesis),亦即觀察者不同顏色的穿著對鳥類所測得之驚飛距離顯著不同,很可能表示鳥類對不同顏色穿著的有不同的容忍度。因此在觀賞或調查大卷尾時,建議穿著彩度與亮度較低,或與背景相仿的顏色,以降低對大卷尾造成的干擾。</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>十三、威脅</div><div><br /></div><div> 大卷尾在臺灣是特有亞種,分布非常廣泛,並未被政府列入野生動物保育法的名單當中(林文宏,2012)。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>十四、建議</div><div><br /></div><div> 大卷尾為本校校園裡的長駐鳥種,經常棲息於森林區和紅磚車道交接處的樹上。大卷尾以昆蟲為主食,對校園裡的生態防治具有莫大的助益(例如對於每年10月至11月可能盛行的鳳凰木蟲害具有抑制作用),而且,不僅能與弱小鳥類和平相處,還會保護弱小鳥類(如一級保育鳥類黃鸝),在校園的生態環境裡扮演著重要的角色,因此應予重視與保護。基於此,筆者提出如下幾點建議:</div><div><br /></div><div>(一)學校主事者宜妥善照顧校內的花草樹木,除了給予樹木足夠的水分,使其健康成長外,除草時,不宜除得過低,也宜落實分區除草政策(不要一次整片除完),進而為大卷尾營造友善的棲地環境。</div><div><br /></div><div>(二)校內同仁若要就近觀察或調查大卷尾,則宜穿著黑色或暗色系服裝,以免使其突受驚擾。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>參考文獻</div><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">[中文部分]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">t02613(2018)<a href="https://t02613.pixnet.net/blog/post/345786782-201805%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%B7%E5%B0%BE%E8%82%B2%E9%9B%9B%40%E6%B0%B8%E8%88%88%E9%87%8C">201805<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">大卷尾育雛</span></span>@<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">永興里</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">t02613</span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">的部落格。</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span>李時珍<span lang="EN-US">(1596)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=8"><span lang="EN-US">本草綱目</span></a></span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">沙</span></span>謙中<span lang="EN-US">(2008)</span>。賞鳥<span lang="EN-US">Easy Go-</span>陸鳥篇。遠流。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.</span>周鎮<span lang="EN-US">(1999)</span>。鳳凰谷的野鳥。台灣省立鳳凰谷鳥園。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.</span>宗凜<span lang="EN-US">(</span>南朝梁<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=755522&searchu=%E6%9C%89%E9%B3%A5%E5%A6%82%E7%83%8F"><span lang="EN-US">荊楚歲時記</span></a></span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.</span>林大利、鄭亦淳、陳威廷<span lang="EN-US">(2013)</span>。穿著顏色對大卷尾<span lang="EN-US">(Dicrurus macrocercus)</span>驚飛距離的影響。台灣生物多樣性研究,<span lang="EN-US">15(3)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.209-218</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.</span>林文宏<span lang="EN-US">(2012)</span>。卷尾科。劉小如、丁宗蘇、方偉宏、林文宏、蔡牧起、顏重威<span lang="EN-US">(</span>著<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。臺灣鳥類誌<span lang="EN-US">(</span>中<span lang="EN-US">)</span>第二版。<span lang="EN-US">pp.579-591</span>。行政院農業委員會林務局。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">8.</span>段玉裁<span lang="EN-US">(1815)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=528853"><span lang="EN-US">說文解字注</span></a></span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">9.</span>許慎<span lang="EN-US">(</span>東漢<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/zh"><span lang="EN-US">說文解字</span></a></span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">10.曾</span>國藩、劉克襄、林金雄、王侯凱、鄧慶煜、黃淑卿、黃文吟、黃淑鈴、高德育、李平篤<span lang="EN-US">(2007)</span>。臺灣常見<span lang="EN-US">100</span>種鳥類。社團法人台北市野鳥學會。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">11.</span>黃有評<span lang="EN-US">(2023/03/01)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.penghutimes.com/Article/Detail/27865"><span lang="EN-US">有評論鳥-第五十三單元:大卷尾</span></a></span>。澎湖時報。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">12.</span>熊忠<span lang="EN-US">(1297)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=487751"><span lang="EN-US">古今韻會舉要</span></a></span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">[英文部分]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">Acharjee, R. & Islam, T.(2019). Helminth Endoparasites of Black
Drongo, Dicrurus Macrocercus (Passeriformes: Dicruridae) from Chattogram,
Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Zool., 47(1). Pp.159-171.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span lang="EN-US">Ali, A. M. S., Asokan, S., Manikannan, R., Nithiyanandam, G. T.(2010).
Nest site characteristics and breeding biology of the Black Drongo dicrures
macrocercus in Cauvery Delta, Southern India. World Applied Sciences Journal,
9(11). Pp.1280-1285.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span lang="EN-US">Awais, M. & Bibi, K.(2014). Clutch Size, Egg Dimensions,Weight and
Breeding Success of Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) at Tehsil Mansehra,
Pakistan. Pakhtunkhwa J. Life Sci., 2(1). Pp.29-35.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.</span><span lang="EN-US">Baker, E. C. S.(1918). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/29766">Some Notes on the
Dicruridae</a>. Novitates Zoologicae, 25. Pp.291-304.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.</span><span lang="EN-US">Bilal, M., Khalid, Z., Mosvi, A. H., & Naseer, A.(2020). Feeding
Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat Utilization of Black Drongo (Dicrurus
Macrocercus) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan. Journal of Bioresource Management,
7(2). Pp.47-56.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.</span><span lang="EN-US">Charles, V. (1949).<a href="file:///D:/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%87%BA/0%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%B7%E5%B0%BE(Black%20Drongo)/1.%09https:/digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1240/v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B093a04.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">
A revision of the bird family Dicruridae</a>. Bulletin of the American Museum
of Natural History, 9(4). Pp.203-342. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.</span><span lang="EN-US">Chu, L. C.(2007). Study of Breeding Biology and Habitat Use of Black-naped
Oriole (Oriolus chinensis). Unpublished Masters Thesis, National Sun Yat-Sen
University, Taiwan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">8.</span><span lang="EN-US">Decandido, R., Nualsri, C.,& Allen, D. (2004). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242778284_Migration_of_Black_Drongo_Dicrurus_macrocercus_in_southern_Thailand_in_autumn_2003">Migration
of Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus in southern Thailand in autumn 2003</a>.
Forktail, 20. Pp.143-144. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">9.</span><span lang="EN-US">Fei, Y., Hou, S., Zhou, Y.,& Xue, X.(2021).The complete mitochondrial
genome of Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Passeriformes, Dicruridae).
Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 6(12). pp.3433-3434.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gill, F., Donsker, D.,&
Rasmussen, P. Eds. (2022). <a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/">IOC World
Bird List (v12.1)</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">Irestedt, M., Fuchs, J.,
Jønsson, K. A., Ohlson, J. I., Pasquetf, E.,& Ericson, P. G. P.(2008). The
systematic affinity of the enigmatic Lamprolia victoriae (Aves: Passeriformes)-An
example of avian dispersal between New Guinea and Fiji over Miocene
intermittent land bridges? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48.
Pp.1218-1222.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">12.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">Jobling, J. A.
(2010). <a href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling">The
Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</a>. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN
978-1-4081-2501-4.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">13.</span><span lang="EN-US">Kasambe, R.(2009). Incidence
of a Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) attempting to feed on a warbler.
Newsletter for Birdwatchers, 49(4). p.55.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">14.</span><span lang="EN-US">Kaur, G. & Kler, T.
K.(2018a). Feeding behaviour and perching preferences of black drongo (Dicrurus
macrocercus) in Ludhiana district(Punjab). Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Studies, 6(4). Pp.232-239.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">15.</span><span lang="EN-US">Kaur, G. & Kler, T.
K.(2018b). Breeding biology of Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) in relation
to nest-site selection and habitat characterization in agricultural landscape.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies,6(5). Pp.2142-2147.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">16.</span><span lang="EN-US">Narayana, B. L., Rao, V.
V.,& Reddy, V. V.(2014). Foraging Behavior of Black Drongo (Dicrurus Macrocercus)
in Nalgonda District of Andhra Pradesh India. The Bioscan, 9(2). Pp.467-471.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">17.</span><span lang="EN-US">Natural History
Museum.(2023). <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/departments-and-staff/library-and-archives/collections/rothschild-collection.html">The
Rothschild collection</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">18.</span><span lang="EN-US">Shukkur E. A. A. &
Joseph, K. J.(1978). Breeding biology of the Black Drongo. The Journal of the
Bombay Natural History Society, 75. Pp.1205-1211.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">19.</span><span lang="EN-US">Swinhoe, R.(1859). Narrative
of a visit to the Island of Formosa. Journal of North-China Branch of Royal
Asiantic Society, 1(2). Pp.145-164.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">20.Vieillot, L. J. P.(1817). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18038287." target="_blank">Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée aux Arts</a>. Vol. 9. Chez Deterville. p.588</p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">21.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">W., H.(1933). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/132846a0">Dr. Ernst Hartert</a>. Nature, 132. Pp.
846-847.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">22.</span><span lang="EN-US">Whistler, H.(1949). <a href="https://archive.org/details/popularhandbooko033226mbp/page/155/mode/1up?view=theater">Popular
handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.)</a>. Gurney and Jackson, London. Pp.155-157.</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">23.Zhang, H., Gou, X., Li,
S.,Wang, C., Peng, C., Hu, C., Zhang, M., Yu, L.,& Su, H.(2021). Complete
mitochondrial genome of Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus (Passeriformes:
Dicruridae) and phylogenetic analyses. Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 6(8).
pp.2442-2444.</span></span></p></div><div><br /></div>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-58523582122289013412023-10-16T23:55:00.001+08:002023-10-16T23:55:47.065+08:00生態保育叢書12: 2023仁特校園生態圖鑑<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_ypMVQ5JHVDRiZiuFUGI0eqGXuocsffn/view?usp=sharing" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="911" data-original-width="647" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPhSp0kdUZE2sQ1jvWTjS6TeOFgM7TuPxioEye5E99elwcESYKysTmal971I4j0yPO1WE0IQ_WNTVmrWYZZwjeESrafC70QWlU19Ns_TqZwoc5AqXEa1xQvYS1QtEswENPZRdKI_soK7dTXY388-AIIqrLOXe7rfIzA-azb3MR3pXTOaW5-5efDxpthlE/w454-h640/0%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2.png" width="454" /></a></div><br /><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-55670007632275806092023-09-17T20:58:00.004+08:002023-09-17T21:00:46.171+08:00生態保育叢書11: 2023仁特花木導覽與圖鑑<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/18TpjsdMSUxaWeNEt_EGVTnBxatYvGnXg/view?usp=drive_link" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="914" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBNgT-cYvG8FDxqif_H_v7kya_WyHm7DJ6nQFlvNdDt-jtM4XmtDP5gEy8zRm4l1sCVawjbkBtOxA9pXisnf7pkvEIvhUaJHn5ewEio6DZX2fJemAwcNyBvYBZUohXCpzqkHy3pTckS9ld1IP3XKLnW-I8IDu-LECrRcishX9OP3ROK5TyLT4SLNuXLcY/w448-h640/0%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2.jpg" width="448" /></a></div><br /><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-18379128236889146992023-06-16T16:30:00.000+08:002023-06-16T21:35:07.405+08:00觸景生情<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3uazkacHLE4/Vr3pqN1lTPI/AAAAAAAADcs/QCetiuxNZnU/s1600/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25851.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3uazkacHLE4/Vr3pqN1lTPI/AAAAAAAADcs/QCetiuxNZnU/s400/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25851.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yVjvigp4apQ/Vr3pqKDRQ1I/AAAAAAAADcw/i_lXjj2z6t4/s1600/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25852.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yVjvigp4apQ/Vr3pqKDRQ1I/AAAAAAAADcw/i_lXjj2z6t4/s400/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25852.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jj4Tmqq0cvk/Vr3pqEHNVYI/AAAAAAAADco/feLRMmv-qGs/s1600/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25853.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Jj4Tmqq0cvk/Vr3pqEHNVYI/AAAAAAAADco/feLRMmv-qGs/s400/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25853.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KGY2r0dOmiY/Vr3pqpayL0I/AAAAAAAADc0/RlDnQIGNl6A/s1600/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25854.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KGY2r0dOmiY/Vr3pqpayL0I/AAAAAAAADc0/RlDnQIGNl6A/s400/%25E8%25A7%25B8%25E6%2599%25AF%25E7%2594%259F%25E6%2583%25854.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span id="goog_1500942830"></span><span id="goog_1500942831"></span> </div>
<br />小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-26641987287462251642023-06-10T09:15:00.012+08:002023-06-10T09:51:12.651+08:00幾條線<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguk85yaUlBAP7RlFr5u0nttwNkr-XbtjqIEeyBOX4I-NfUliDSvp09e4bqAkXm_h5ZexG28zxBN2BR5sizgAdSa06hAi8VxzacCTNqDTlx1HcEJVlzgIytxQ51wj1JdSs5C2YsbwsruWIsGMGcZau6AwqnN_xLz7fjcBDOc_4931kjr3RPUiD6IVDH/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%871.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguk85yaUlBAP7RlFr5u0nttwNkr-XbtjqIEeyBOX4I-NfUliDSvp09e4bqAkXm_h5ZexG28zxBN2BR5sizgAdSa06hAi8VxzacCTNqDTlx1HcEJVlzgIytxQ51wj1JdSs5C2YsbwsruWIsGMGcZau6AwqnN_xLz7fjcBDOc_4931kjr3RPUiD6IVDH/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%871.JPG" width="400" /></a></div></div><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oU9jyWAYzRDzR5fIvokpMpUIIDWqTjKgS5eSHJJRZAEAUu0BOux8ZzM6G5zTYuJVRANfa5CJStpqb30pJNkanvHa6l9-0-zmyAGIH-MUkSp-Wbg6dtyKUPH61H34h_0RmV1YvY8qVmwF0JjcbyaNWEOFe2DPnwynYCNtyZRJVy3QepVbNBvz2bfh/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%872.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_oU9jyWAYzRDzR5fIvokpMpUIIDWqTjKgS5eSHJJRZAEAUu0BOux8ZzM6G5zTYuJVRANfa5CJStpqb30pJNkanvHa6l9-0-zmyAGIH-MUkSp-Wbg6dtyKUPH61H34h_0RmV1YvY8qVmwF0JjcbyaNWEOFe2DPnwynYCNtyZRJVy3QepVbNBvz2bfh/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%872.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGY_7-Oy-5EGBEGdzGjNZwhoC0whfhF9ulypnYvA_xdkYOKuMsmtR_6BtPLaEgITVDlh_q1_Zmla5YDNqIwDwzxpZlzGbvcio8wDW6rf3XHhjK6-nr-DPR7psinUrHW7hBhnIyIbxhQuty-_zCubQau3ttA2NoBRmbui6_DG7nRV0-2XSD9aX4MqK3/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%873.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGY_7-Oy-5EGBEGdzGjNZwhoC0whfhF9ulypnYvA_xdkYOKuMsmtR_6BtPLaEgITVDlh_q1_Zmla5YDNqIwDwzxpZlzGbvcio8wDW6rf3XHhjK6-nr-DPR7psinUrHW7hBhnIyIbxhQuty-_zCubQau3ttA2NoBRmbui6_DG7nRV0-2XSD9aX4MqK3/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%873.JPG" width="400" /></a></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUCOT24lEqEiaPBBxSLZsWduEAJK4lbgPAoHuQQjsSuCKkGKA714sUU5V1dMo_Bu3hhvKxY0EXM-L5rIG2UgLX25Xs3VGmznqxz53xNHmbmioX0C2c4J_yNGUK0CfwXedh5TuK7NBBHpM0ZKTq0dUHLjFY3TqKi18adqo7rLnTJVsaw_bD5GFxb0p2/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUCOT24lEqEiaPBBxSLZsWduEAJK4lbgPAoHuQQjsSuCKkGKA714sUU5V1dMo_Bu3hhvKxY0EXM-L5rIG2UgLX25Xs3VGmznqxz53xNHmbmioX0C2c4J_yNGUK0CfwXedh5TuK7NBBHpM0ZKTq0dUHLjFY3TqKi18adqo7rLnTJVsaw_bD5GFxb0p2/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.JPG" width="400" /></a></div></span></div><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-43115969431058815752023-06-03T07:46:00.005+08:002023-06-03T07:52:34.883+08:00動用權勢<p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTc-SkOvJecsaPqpJo6p2ZiniMNYJUwI1pbTPVnQf1XfPh2F5uaudBvWJsIrmZ_AR_xg3yXEatQOdpZTg6NlL8f0Lo39rQhcBPYVogK6-9oeqd2-SuqULINo6RDnS8aifz5bS46AHvimo2yqUuIX-iMxg0JYIBVukRzs-u6VWwGNg9v0N46b5x1sL/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%871.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTc-SkOvJecsaPqpJo6p2ZiniMNYJUwI1pbTPVnQf1XfPh2F5uaudBvWJsIrmZ_AR_xg3yXEatQOdpZTg6NlL8f0Lo39rQhcBPYVogK6-9oeqd2-SuqULINo6RDnS8aifz5bS46AHvimo2yqUuIX-iMxg0JYIBVukRzs-u6VWwGNg9v0N46b5x1sL/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%871.JPG" width="400" /></a><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2aUQSbGdyRD1AXRabW69qc9jrwNNlTSNGs-G4pPDbrU5xRKJIckmEoZoD2F2dl82SJcfGmHqM9Cx2fpc79b9qiwHxXeYizzSmG8VZ3en_zw3MojeJ3kLwmEj7ZDUYauib0pVhrwRoJNhR_ip-FZqaSUPBxvssmwuAqcnmx_glxUoEnRTPtcWtLPYY/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%872.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2aUQSbGdyRD1AXRabW69qc9jrwNNlTSNGs-G4pPDbrU5xRKJIckmEoZoD2F2dl82SJcfGmHqM9Cx2fpc79b9qiwHxXeYizzSmG8VZ3en_zw3MojeJ3kLwmEj7ZDUYauib0pVhrwRoJNhR_ip-FZqaSUPBxvssmwuAqcnmx_glxUoEnRTPtcWtLPYY/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%872.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCcqrf49ZLKWDYlXsALU38ChaYXl2Os0Usx79D3FM_eA3Nnm1zyBMvTn15-c_u8yC2CPJas7HgvoG1TxdyxppwUa_vEyvqAXemLLpe3MMFT2ewtUy_2My817GeQrrDv5xxJ1SP7piI4U4-CS4CtUJoV98v_0e7I4-N1vB7BnquMIkYy8jDSSa6-g3z/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%873.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCcqrf49ZLKWDYlXsALU38ChaYXl2Os0Usx79D3FM_eA3Nnm1zyBMvTn15-c_u8yC2CPJas7HgvoG1TxdyxppwUa_vEyvqAXemLLpe3MMFT2ewtUy_2My817GeQrrDv5xxJ1SP7piI4U4-CS4CtUJoV98v_0e7I4-N1vB7BnquMIkYy8jDSSa6-g3z/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%873.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03fJ9Jr2KPz6Q7W_gFeNLnKE7XoArMd1ltVzsJD_8BCPDENJvW5nNFIOmiL8KD0txvoHrWxenfj1Mdhq-BwyxOl3CF83kLQc5TjizoeXJuVgTjMY5oPzvC-OirZgW4PjiK6T009-a-zXF8rfENJAxZA1Ur_zPYSwnQqZlA22uKlPF-qsMCJHU6NBp/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03fJ9Jr2KPz6Q7W_gFeNLnKE7XoArMd1ltVzsJD_8BCPDENJvW5nNFIOmiL8KD0txvoHrWxenfj1Mdhq-BwyxOl3CF83kLQc5TjizoeXJuVgTjMY5oPzvC-OirZgW4PjiK6T009-a-zXF8rfENJAxZA1Ur_zPYSwnQqZlA22uKlPF-qsMCJHU6NBp/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-4624990509666468782023-06-02T18:17:00.006+08:002023-11-05T21:28:01.562+08:00仁特鳥類誌03-樹鵲<p><span>李明洋</span></p><p><span>(*歡迎引用,但請尊重智慧財產權,務必註明出處,謝謝)</span></p><p><span>學名:Dendrocitta formosae</span></p><p><span>分類:雀形目(Passeriformes)、鴉科(Corvidae)、樹鵲屬(Dendrocitta)</span></p><p><span>命名者:Swinhoe, R.,1863</span></p><p><span>臺灣亞種:Dendrocitta formosae formosae</span></p><p><span>亞種命名者:Swinhoe, R.,1863</span></p><p><span>英 文 名:Gray Treepie</span></p><p><span>保育等級:無危(臺灣特有亞種) </span></p><p><span>遷徙狀態:留鳥</span></p><p><span>校園狀況:無確切統計,曾目擊3隻同時出現於森林區,常現蹤於大愛園、森林區、教學大樓後方花圃<span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBLSSwkWCsii-EPqDOu5IAtpDwnbQzzcKIS05JA5ALq-K3Q4imsrHLhF_x_xWvHVZNQiBrMx-_jOhpWw1BVcjqH-QNUp0VaIy-kMocl0ae66-M_L3X0a3IGO6yGSYjGjZx0uxkWVtdAOa2MCjcAz6aewmZOc9vqGCFkZGxTPly-2kOrOUUb-B-yZmu" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiBLSSwkWCsii-EPqDOu5IAtpDwnbQzzcKIS05JA5ALq-K3Q4imsrHLhF_x_xWvHVZNQiBrMx-_jOhpWw1BVcjqH-QNUp0VaIy-kMocl0ae66-M_L3X0a3IGO6yGSYjGjZx0uxkWVtdAOa2MCjcAz6aewmZOc9vqGCFkZGxTPly-2kOrOUUb-B-yZmu=w360-h640" width="360" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">圖1 樹鵲羽色多為褐黑相間,腹部 </span><span style="text-align: left;">白色,為臺灣特有亞種<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbKWOY6feuK40SEX6IQyznc1FSKkSTJcDvRlQdgtXD3RErYv40kutqpYWTbBkRBKcg2ftfRGwgPu4jk1bTnEkuDweRiFWwo_wev7JO-SfGK2n9t_sJaJDmWlRC8tULrParxePDoKNieL6zMeqi7So_BezdArRVS-xKTiWEqh7M6xPSmXXT-mmhYetR" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="198" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbKWOY6feuK40SEX6IQyznc1FSKkSTJcDvRlQdgtXD3RErYv40kutqpYWTbBkRBKcg2ftfRGwgPu4jk1bTnEkuDweRiFWwo_wev7JO-SfGK2n9t_sJaJDmWlRC8tULrParxePDoKNieL6zMeqi7So_BezdArRVS-xKTiWEqh7M6xPSmXXT-mmhYetR=w360-h640" width="360" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">圖2 樹鵲正在大愛園取食地上的苦楝果實<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span>一、分類</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲隸屬於雀形目(Passeriformes),鴉科(Corvidae)。1863年,英國博物學家Swinhoe在國際鳥類研究期刊《The Ibis(朱鷺)》發表一篇名為<福爾摩沙(臺灣)的鳥類學(The Ornithology of Formosa, or Taiwan)>的文章,將樹鵲命名為Dendrocitta formosae(Swinhoe, 1863),這也是臺灣首度記錄樹鵲的文獻。</span></p><p><span> 根據前中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心研究員兼副主任劉小如教授(2012)的解釋,dendron在希臘文中是一棵樹的意思,oikos則是居住或棲息的意思,合起來是住在樹上的;而formosae是指臺灣。由此可知,Dendrocitta formosae的意思是「一種在臺灣發現住在樹上的鳥」,亦即樹鵲是一種樹棲型的鳥類。</span></p><p><span> 目前全世界的鴉科鳥類共有24個屬117種,臺灣有6個屬11種,分別是鴉屬(Corvus)有6種、松鴉屬(Garrulus)有1種、星鴉屬(Nucifraga)有1種、鵲屬(Pica)有1種、藍鵲屬(Urocissa)有1種、樹鵲屬(Dendrocitta)有1種。樹鵲隸屬於樹鵲屬,有8個亞種,臺灣的亞種為Dendrocitta formosae formosae,為臺灣特有亞種(劉小如,2012;Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2022)。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>二、名稱</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲這個名稱,顧名思義就是一種棲息在樹上的鵲鳥。「鵲」這個字,根據東漢許慎《說文解字》的說法:「 ,篆文舄从隹、 。」,意即鵲的古字為舄,篆書改成 ,由「隹」和「 」組成。清朝段玉裁《說文解字注》進一步解釋:「昔聲也。 ,隸變从鳥。」,意思就是「 」這個字從「隹」部,發「昔」這個音,後來隸書把「隹」改成「鳥」,成為後世通用的「鵲」這個字。</span></p><p><span> 至於鵲的形貌,唐朝杜佑《通典》寫道:「漢高帝採楚制,長冠形如板,…,曰劉氏冠,故為享廟之服,敬之至也。鄙人或謂之鵲尾冠。」清朝段玉裁《說文解字注》寫道:「短尾名隹,別於長尾名鳥。」明朝李時珍《本草綱目》又說:「鵲大如鴉而長尾。」由此可見,鵲主要是用以形容尾巴長的鳥類,而樹鵲的尾巴確實頗長,故以鵲稱之。</span></p><p><span> 值得注意的是,國內最具權威的鳥類專書《臺灣鳥類誌(中)第二版》以灰樹鵲做為樹鵲的正式名稱,原因可能是參考自樹鵲的英文名稱Gray Treepie。Gray的意思是灰色的,pie源自法文,意思是鵲,treepie是樹鵲,所以Gray Treepie即翻譯為灰樹鵲。然而,樹鵲的全身並非以灰色居多,反倒是雜有許多褐色和黑色。</span></p><p><span> 於此,我們不妨看看樹鵲的學名Dendrocitta formosae。根據Jobling(2010)所編寫的《科學鳥類字典(The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names)》,樹鵲的屬名Dendrocitta係由dendron和kitta所組成,其中,dendron是希臘文「樹」的意思,kitta則是希臘文「喜鵲」的意思;而樹鵲的種名formosae,顧名思義就是指臺灣,所以樹鵲的學名Dendrocitta formosae意思就是在臺灣發現的一種棲息在樹上的鵲鳥。</span></p><p><span> 由此可見,樹鵲的學名中根本沒有「灰色」的意思,所以「灰樹鵲」這個名稱並不恰當。樹鵲的命名者Swinhoe當初會以Dendrocitta formosae這個名稱來命名,理應只是想表達他在臺灣看到了這種習慣棲息在樹上的鵲鳥而已,並沒有以外貌做為命名的依據。尤有甚者,臺灣亞種的樹鵲名稱更進一步在原有樹鵲學名Dendrocitta formosae的後面再加上formosae成為Dendrocitta formosae formosae,以此來強調這種亞種的樹鵲是臺灣特有的鳥種,以有別於其他地區的Dendrocitta formosae。因此,筆者認為「臺灣樹鵲」或許才是Dendrocitta formosae比較妥當的正式中文名稱。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>三、分布</span></p><p><span> 鴉科(Corvidae)的鳥類除了南北極外,廣泛分布於世界各地,許多種類會進行季節遷徙。樹鵲屬(Dendrocitta)則廣泛分布於亞洲大陸的中部和南部,包括孟加拉、不丹、巴基斯坦、印度、尼泊爾、中國(雲南、四川、海南島、東部、東南部)、緬甸、泰國、越南和寮國等(劉小如,2012;International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2019)。</span></p><p><span> 臺灣所屬的樹鵲亞種Dendrocitta formosae formosae主要見於海拔1500公尺以下闊葉林,偶有冬季出現在2800公尺等高海拔針闊葉混合林,唯逗留時間短暫(沙謙中,2008)。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>四、外型</span></p><p><span><span> </span><span>鴉科鳥類的羽毛顏色多為黑色或黑白色,但松鴉類則有藍、綠、黃、紫、褐等大片鮮豔的羽色。不過,鴉科鳥類的嘴喙都很強健,鼻孔呈圓形,翼羽和尾羽強而有力,跗蹠骨大而強壯(劉小如,2012)。</span></span></p><p><span> 分布於臺灣的樹鵲亞種Dendrocitta formosae formosae長約34 公分,嘴喙強健而微彎,全身大致以黑、灰、褐三色為主。嘴、腳呈黑色,額頭呈黑色,頭頂至後頸呈藍灰色,眼先和額部灰黑色。筆者細觀樹鵲的側臉,頗像猴子。其頸部、頸兩側和胸部呈淡灰色;臉頰和喉部為深褐色。腹部幾乎全白,最接近身體的一根次級飛羽呈栗色,羽端黑色,其次兩根次級飛羽呈黑色,其餘次級飛羽在羽毛外瓣有一塊白斑及白、藍、黑相間的橫斑。尾很長,約佔身長之半,尾羽交疊不密合,尾羽黑色,尾下覆羽呈栗褐色,跗蹠為黑色(沙謙中,2008;吳森琛,2019;曾國藩等,2007;劉小如,2012;Swinhoe, 1863)。</span></p><p><span> 根據劉小如(2012)整理自「中央研究院標本館」和「國立自然科學博物館」的資料顯示,灰樹鵲雄鳥的嘴峰長度介於2.60~2.9公分,翼長13.4~14.2公分,尾長18.7~22.8公分,跗蹠長2.78~3.21公分;雌鳥的嘴峰長度介於2.41~2.89公分,翼長11.8~1.39公分,尾長19.8~20.9公分,跗蹠長2.81~2.89公分(劉小如,2012)。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>五、鳴聲</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲常數隻一起鳴唱,各自發出不同的叫聲,聽起來像是「葛葛哩嘎-」、「嘎兒、葛哩哦」、「嘎、嘎歸哩-、「嘎啊」-嘎啊哦-」或「嘎、嘎、嘎、嘎-」等,聲音短促又沙啞,但非常響亮(王家雄等,1991;曾國藩等,2007;劉小如,2012)。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>六、食性</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲為雜食性鳥種,以植物的果實、漿果、花蜜,以及荔枝椿象等昆蟲、蜥蜴等爬蟲類(王家雄等,1991;吳森琛,2019;徐孟豪、汪澤宏、吳孟玲、劉則言、吳怡慧,2018;劉小如,2012)或小型鳥類的雛鳥(曾國藩等,2007)為食。捕食技巧包括樹上取食、空中捕食及地上取食 (徐孟豪、汪澤宏、吳孟玲、劉則言、吳怡慧,2018;劉小如,2012)。</span></p><p><span> 根據林佩蓉等人(2018)針對4種臺灣中低海拔鳥類所做的食性研究發現,樹鵲的平均嘴喙基寬為1.6公分,所吞食的天然果實最大直徑為1.3公分,若果實直徑超過1.3公分,則以啄食方式取食;原因可能是樹鵲的嘴喙粗壯且彎曲,張嘴吞食的幅度受限,無法直接吞食直徑接近嘴喙基寬的果實,而以啄食方式取食,直徑較小的果實則仍以吞食取食。而在取食策略方面,在褐色和綠色的天然果實中,樹鵲會優先取食尺寸較大,重量較重、顏色為褐色的果實。至於食物的顏色偏好上,在黑、紅、褐、黃、綠等5種顏色中,樹鵲較偏愛黑色和黃色的食物。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>七、棲地</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲為樹棲型鳥種,一生當中大部分時間都在樹上度過(謝伯鴻,2018)。根據Swinhoe在1863的文獻中所做的描述:「(樹鵲)這種鳥必定只在山裡。在臺灣的山裡,這種鳥很常見,但在丘陵或地勢較低的區域卻很罕見。」直到日治時期,樹鵲也只分布於臺灣的中海拔山區,從未出現在600公尺以下的地區,而且當時的數量並不普遍(劉小如,2012)。不過,目前樹鵲已是平地至中海拔山區十分普遍的鳥種(王家雄等,1991;沙謙中,2008;吳森琛,2019;曾國藩等,2007;劉小如,2012)。</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲通常單獨或成小群在平地到中海拔闊葉林的中上層活動,有時會和臺灣藍鵲混雜出現(王家雄等,1991;沙謙中,2008;曾國藩等,2007;劉小如,2012),也會在公園、校園或部分開墾的平地和山坡地活動(謝伯鴻,2018;劉小如,2012)。樹鵲的警覺性很高,於林間移動的速度頗快,落腳後,常短暫停留原地,稍後再逐層跳躍至樹冠層棲息;遠距飛行時,振翅用力,並以波浪狀的姿態行進(沙謙中,2008)。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>八、繁殖</span></p><p><span> 雖然樹鵲為臺灣特有亞種,但專門針對樹鵲做的研究卻付之闕如,因此有關樹鵲繁殖的狀況多半得參酌國外資料。劉小如(2012)即參考國外資料指出,樹鵲的繁殖季介於3至7月,成對繁殖,每巢通常生2至5顆蛋,卵殼呈乳白色、淡青色或淺土黃色,有大型的橄欖色斑塊。而參酌Hutton(1858,引自 Moore & Horsfield, 1858, p. 569)對印度亞種樹鵲所做的描述,樹鵲到了5月進入繁殖季,一窩約有3顆蛋;巢穴的位置有二,一是築在溪畔,以溪邊大量生長的杉葉藻(mare's tail)為材料;另一是築在地勢較高的山坡地帶,以植物的細根和卷鬚為材料。</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲的巢穴係築在濃密的櫟屬植物上,離地面約8到10英尺(約2至3公尺),巢穴築在枝椏的水平分叉上。蛋呈白色,上面有少數暗綠色的斑點;蛋的大小為長1.13英吋(約2.86公分),寬0.81英吋(約2.06公分)。</span></p><p><span> 目前國內樹鵲繁殖的相關資料,僅有劉小如(2012)針對中研院樹鵲築巢的狀況所做的觀察:樹鵲會同群個體一起築巢,也會一起驅趕大冠鷲等可能的掠食者;築巢的位置選在大樹高處、接近主幹且樹葉濃密之處築巢,巢穴呈淺碗形,外部是較粗的樹枝,內部是細枝。</span></p><p><span> 至於樹鵲的繁殖成功率,目前並沒有確切的資料可供參考,根據劉小如(2012)的觀察記錄顯示,在中央研究院繁殖的樹鵲自4月開始築巢,但數度遭到台灣藍鵲的干擾而棄巢,另築新巢。最後有1隻亞成鳥在7月初離巢。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>九、威脅</span></p><p><span> 樹鵲在臺灣是特有亞種,也是普遍的留鳥,並未被政府列入野生動物保育法的名單當中(劉小如,2012)。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>參考文獻</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>[中文部分]</span></p><p><span>1.</span><span>王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛,楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮(1991)。台灣野鳥圖鑑。亞舍圖書。台北縣。</span></p><p><span>2.吳森琛(2019)。嘉南藥理大學認識校園野鳥。嘉南藥理大學。</span></p><p><span>3.沙謙中(2008)。賞鳥Easy Go-陸鳥篇。遠流。台北市。</span></p><p><span>4.林佩蓉、張明雄、伏鳳歧、謝欣怡、鄭惟仁、丁宗蘇(2018)。四種臺灣低海拔食果鳥類對果實尺寸及顏色之偏好。中華林學季刊,51(3)。Pp.187-203。</span></p><p><span>5.徐孟豪、汪澤宏、吳孟玲、劉則言、吳怡慧(2018)。有備無患-都市林(非農業區)荔枝椿象之防治。行政院農業委員會農業試驗所。</span></p><p><span>6.許慎(東漢)。說文解字。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span></p><p><span>7.曾國藩、劉克襄、林金雄、王侯凱、鄧慶煜、黃淑卿、黃文吟、黃淑鈴、高德育、李平篤(2007)。臺灣常見100種鳥類。社團法人台北市野鳥學會。</span></p><p><span>8.劉小如(2012)。鴉科。劉小如、丁宗蘇、方偉宏、林文宏、蔡牧起、顏重威(著)。臺灣鳥類誌(中)第二版。pp.23-56。行政院農業委員會林務局。</span></p><p><span>9.謝伯鴻(2018/03/18)。找到什麼吃什麼 連築巢也隨性的灰樹鵲。環境資訊中心。</span></p><p><span>10.許慎(121)。說文解字。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span></p><p><span>11.段玉裁(1815)。說文解字注。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span></p><p><span>12.杜佑(801)。通典。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span></p><p><span>13.李時珍(1596)。本草綱目。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>[英文部分]</span></p><p><span>1.Gill, F., Donsker, D.,& Rasmussen, P. Eds. (2022). IOC World Bird List (v12.1).</span></p><p><span>2.International Union for Conservation of Nature(2019). The IUCN red list of threatened species.Psittacula. Brussels (Belgium):IUCN; Version 2019-1.</span></p><p><span>3.Jobling, J. A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.</span></p><p><span>4.Liua, D. W., Cheng-Hec, S., Yi-Linga, F., Hou, S. L., Song-Ze, T.(2019). Mitochondrial DNA Part B, 4(2). Pp. 2326-2327.</span></p><p><span>5.Moore, F.,& Horsfield, T.(1858). A catalogue of the birds in the Museum of the Honorable East India Company. East India Company Museum. London.</span></p><p><span>6.Swinhoe, R.(1863). The Ornithology of Formosa, or Taiwan. The Ibis, 5. 377-435.</span></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-91917217735078845252023-05-26T21:12:00.011+08:002023-05-26T21:20:03.919+08:00說人說己<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5gyDF4bNHUuZum1v9FLaLbzpzRxWt25dWxL1o_uAX0JsDAfu1eIqNlNnXIQu8Nqfkb4WkHHkQ8F1u3cxprzJ3VApyq_o2A-9PyoLC0SmZlJHbkgUBjk18DzTzjfHXDFIPlbK_6ujq5NXw77EdTaoUr2wDegQ1juLReJkJzJkqD2bYSyp4hqFSnvy1/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%871.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5gyDF4bNHUuZum1v9FLaLbzpzRxWt25dWxL1o_uAX0JsDAfu1eIqNlNnXIQu8Nqfkb4WkHHkQ8F1u3cxprzJ3VApyq_o2A-9PyoLC0SmZlJHbkgUBjk18DzTzjfHXDFIPlbK_6ujq5NXw77EdTaoUr2wDegQ1juLReJkJzJkqD2bYSyp4hqFSnvy1/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%871.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrelKHRaCy2ix-577l79_TmKzTPlmlYtWas24u2wQD_YPrhiMWoH8dPhwqclHGdIjOKQ-8E83IoQEBxsQCxMes8WsamUI6JgFiTkMTuecwcPfLV6FTQmDa-heIDRU7QPzOhPMEGbK9Drklh2eZn9v33FN9311PEDj9nnExYXBt5eli9Bfd2b1ImN0R/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%872.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrelKHRaCy2ix-577l79_TmKzTPlmlYtWas24u2wQD_YPrhiMWoH8dPhwqclHGdIjOKQ-8E83IoQEBxsQCxMes8WsamUI6JgFiTkMTuecwcPfLV6FTQmDa-heIDRU7QPzOhPMEGbK9Drklh2eZn9v33FN9311PEDj9nnExYXBt5eli9Bfd2b1ImN0R/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%872.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKriJ2RQTP9MzuFtwwfCeC4WK1nHeAwemYruBRWhPUgjktTwqHTuFtVXYwca1XullodjxlG0QRLN_cCzlVWjcQI3wab4TXA-NQ-LhFfPujSXri6qrApr0laaBhf9XU4pcmvZ0rRaUf58fB0MTUFACl7eUnBujtMKYnOLl9NSI0ykcNd8WSPHXTqTBg/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%873.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKriJ2RQTP9MzuFtwwfCeC4WK1nHeAwemYruBRWhPUgjktTwqHTuFtVXYwca1XullodjxlG0QRLN_cCzlVWjcQI3wab4TXA-NQ-LhFfPujSXri6qrApr0laaBhf9XU4pcmvZ0rRaUf58fB0MTUFACl7eUnBujtMKYnOLl9NSI0ykcNd8WSPHXTqTBg/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%873.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_G7yCQ28RISfGDdiVZcL5NHiLNHuRpdQYwYkH-v8f0b-aCs1jrSvEYEvI85ZpLDk9T3dMYNqcQva_9RR27fL7LaI0_VlVU7kXDvj2UmIa_AVUL4V6HvurcruITmMJlns2BcL8S7oHzltMni0YwSRNCtBJS8cyvIXW_gJ2mNoMfONkDuobjKxrSwTp/s1280/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_G7yCQ28RISfGDdiVZcL5NHiLNHuRpdQYwYkH-v8f0b-aCs1jrSvEYEvI85ZpLDk9T3dMYNqcQva_9RR27fL7LaI0_VlVU7kXDvj2UmIa_AVUL4V6HvurcruITmMJlns2BcL8S7oHzltMni0YwSRNCtBJS8cyvIXW_gJ2mNoMfONkDuobjKxrSwTp/w400-h225/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%874.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-44095151562166616032023-05-20T20:58:00.013+08:002023-05-21T12:51:24.195+08:00漏了一個<p>晚上我跟愷弟說一則百喻經的故事,</p><p>內容是一群動物因為久未下雨,都快渴死了,</p><p><span></span></p><a name='more'></a>這時,小花豹提議,要大家移往有水的地方,但要走5天。<p></p><p>一聽到要走5天,小猴子、大浣熊、小袋鼠和小烏龜都不想移動。</p><p>無奈之下,小花豹趕忙跑去請捲毛獅王出主意。</p><p>捲毛獅王要小花豹跟大夥兒說只需要走3天就會找到水了,</p><p>結果,除了小猴子執意不去外,大夥兒都願意嘗試。</p><p>臨走前,小猴子還笑大家被小花豹騙了。</p><p>最後,雖然還是走了5天,但找到了水源,大家都很高興,</p><p>唯獨小猴子還待在原地,渴得快死了。</p><p>聽完故事後,我問愷弟有什麼感想,</p><p>只見他一臉困惑地問道:"那個捲毛獅王有沒有去呢?"</p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-18620906285840641162023-05-20T11:51:00.003+08:002023-05-20T11:51:15.119+08:00什麼形<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZXM9KocX5uEeTMZdYrcQp076kP56sIDKjgXaomfEK1ui0qGIMLhxO5Gy_T02NoVZb46uDiFBqjjrxCGtzFUxldxkcArGHW0X4HmZsPgziEfQJQzpiRsXMJJwND9QScBOMBpafKbAq9KOsU6isURoPp6t4KaJZZLRAl9IPv4Ied_S5xlVz3Zz6jnv1/s960/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A21.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZXM9KocX5uEeTMZdYrcQp076kP56sIDKjgXaomfEK1ui0qGIMLhxO5Gy_T02NoVZb46uDiFBqjjrxCGtzFUxldxkcArGHW0X4HmZsPgziEfQJQzpiRsXMJJwND9QScBOMBpafKbAq9KOsU6isURoPp6t4KaJZZLRAl9IPv4Ied_S5xlVz3Zz6jnv1/w400-h300/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A21.JPG" width="400" /></a><span><a name='more'></a></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3y6vamcRzbOwYifTvdzLi7IRjJOiahkcmyIR4lk3FHpwQYsPCNm4Az0FJ3Kx-sPazVp-6XZPEKkSLjSHUl5BeLu5xoohXkAU9Ky2HfJPOS4O99jRkRAPW41punYxI8XH5dUEiQEtkpaEqslc32-7RyVa7Kv2oHZRwseDIiY3dgks7EfyBMKkvncEQ/s960/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A22.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3y6vamcRzbOwYifTvdzLi7IRjJOiahkcmyIR4lk3FHpwQYsPCNm4Az0FJ3Kx-sPazVp-6XZPEKkSLjSHUl5BeLu5xoohXkAU9Ky2HfJPOS4O99jRkRAPW41punYxI8XH5dUEiQEtkpaEqslc32-7RyVa7Kv2oHZRwseDIiY3dgks7EfyBMKkvncEQ/w400-h300/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A22.JPG" width="400" /></a></div></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWglIEf1vv0hNe5_7rayvO2CuJqiWc7MoZDG_ug8wbSRYXiMNLYL6-yVxbaJ_4DWhvmsG9cGOEvlkJ4D0K8huep11BCQpYHceOHALUw81TK5JT79NI1XJuRfbiOB6C2gFi2tNMA7pXDzuF9JpD1aR9Z1TwWxBvzuxJ4kwnRvk2R6XpqSY2ieSxhkwA/s960/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A23.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWglIEf1vv0hNe5_7rayvO2CuJqiWc7MoZDG_ug8wbSRYXiMNLYL6-yVxbaJ_4DWhvmsG9cGOEvlkJ4D0K8huep11BCQpYHceOHALUw81TK5JT79NI1XJuRfbiOB6C2gFi2tNMA7pXDzuF9JpD1aR9Z1TwWxBvzuxJ4kwnRvk2R6XpqSY2ieSxhkwA/w400-h300/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A23.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsm5hJnUFdT76NkomrcCBUd1KZYY2-1M2PjzFKOOdqu43j55oagnJbAFK09vmGC6ZytiCrNeZ-P89lKHbNX_qSSpL58uwxyo2i3glxHXrvGWJQl_jJ5KWyJMxtUowFiwBn24gBMwTYFT1lMqjQxmHk3EHLlVJtc6IeE1uNbbH9KSfrYIByY07ey5H/s960/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A24.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsm5hJnUFdT76NkomrcCBUd1KZYY2-1M2PjzFKOOdqu43j55oagnJbAFK09vmGC6ZytiCrNeZ-P89lKHbNX_qSSpL58uwxyo2i3glxHXrvGWJQl_jJ5KWyJMxtUowFiwBn24gBMwTYFT1lMqjQxmHk3EHLlVJtc6IeE1uNbbH9KSfrYIByY07ey5H/w400-h300/%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E5%BD%A24.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-19185301698943798952023-05-20T06:50:00.003+08:002023-05-20T06:53:21.446+08:00臺灣地區國小教師使用擴音設備授課情況之調查研究<p> <span style="font-size: medium;">李明洋 袁明乾</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">(本文原發表於 2010 年度兩岸溝通障礙學術研討會)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">全文下載: <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UDu_w6fAFrcK7rfxnqrS0I9-EAliNQyP/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UDu_w6fAFrcK7rfxnqrS0I9-EAliNQyP/view?usp=sharing</a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">摘要</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">本研究採問卷調查方式,旨在探討國小教師使用擴音設備授課的現況、使用成效及原因。研究者以自編之「國小教師教室擴音調查問卷」,針對臺灣北區、中區、南區及東區,合計 16 所國小,383 位一至六年級普通班導師進行調查。本研究的結果顯示,有高達七成(70.2%)的小學教師在授課時會使用擴音設備,且隨著時間的遞進,有逐漸增加的趨勢。教師之所以使用擴音設備授課,大多是因為自身的喉嚨不舒服,或因為想要保護喉嚨,以及覺得自己的音量不夠等個人因素使然。其他諸如教室內及校外噪音太大、被隔壁班的麥克風干擾等環境因素,亦是造成教師使用擴音設備授課的主因。至於不使用的教師,多半是因為認為自己的音量夠大,所以沒有必要使用擴音設備授課。此外,自覺教室擴音不會傷害聽力的教師,對於擴音設備的教學評價多採肯定的態度,相反地,當教師認為教室擴音會傷害聽力時,即會對擴音設備的成效持負面的評價。因此,提升教師聽力保健與嗓音保健的知能,以及改善校園的噪音問題,以期降低師生罹患聽力損失的風險,並減少教師嗓音受到傷害的機率,乃值得教育主管機關、學校單位,以及衛教人士加以重視。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">關鍵詞:擴音設備、聽力損失、教室響音</span></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-34382825097916339862023-05-13T16:53:00.006+08:002023-05-13T16:53:59.335+08:00該問不問<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqeEV-0q3wEoWQ6JIFhIemzMcYP_4JEc1ah4sBkk6yv-Kmp1KDe3B8s-4Yhr0DES2O9UvHF0bJtwOa67mobw7If5DtDnBUvkLah85GezWeIJ56nrfFuscCZNwSlKrL9du_CT3CvUIBeCWyeAPTG3ZAGr4aKnt03uKHhUFaCU3wXKhvJ9iiOnpGtOP/s960/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqeEV-0q3wEoWQ6JIFhIemzMcYP_4JEc1ah4sBkk6yv-Kmp1KDe3B8s-4Yhr0DES2O9UvHF0bJtwOa67mobw7If5DtDnBUvkLah85GezWeIJ56nrfFuscCZNwSlKrL9du_CT3CvUIBeCWyeAPTG3ZAGr4aKnt03uKHhUFaCU3wXKhvJ9iiOnpGtOP/w400-h300/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F1.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><span><a name='more'></a></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinceMeNe3gT0XSN1o3QkfFTEwytyX4gG189vexsR4cjtwhDNpPslSWkUFMK0M-2MZFyxShlkD4H1emlVlW2U46iJwz05ZIadqQv9iVWt4AWM-NxnrOhmUUL2C7xtny3yFyBfcIUQbSIVitkUpo8AA1vF1xkaOOnooShs7mat2jTdaOLyaUBS8r-DJn/s960/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinceMeNe3gT0XSN1o3QkfFTEwytyX4gG189vexsR4cjtwhDNpPslSWkUFMK0M-2MZFyxShlkD4H1emlVlW2U46iJwz05ZIadqQv9iVWt4AWM-NxnrOhmUUL2C7xtny3yFyBfcIUQbSIVitkUpo8AA1vF1xkaOOnooShs7mat2jTdaOLyaUBS8r-DJn/w400-h300/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjQBDbf9ducqu6EFPKe0hjoD8gp2rwLjORPC8ImoPZEngF3ZSAr1pjxD8X9anydR_3qv6XBLhtERvVr9og-qf0q2bvllFpGE1qxeQ7jVQ1Z1iArt7QPLIAs8Xvz060X9jW_jzpBEdVjALGF8AUT1lvXbAgamoptbn7Ypt7xiqpodTrDoP9bVxhnSr3/s960/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjQBDbf9ducqu6EFPKe0hjoD8gp2rwLjORPC8ImoPZEngF3ZSAr1pjxD8X9anydR_3qv6XBLhtERvVr9og-qf0q2bvllFpGE1qxeQ7jVQ1Z1iArt7QPLIAs8Xvz060X9jW_jzpBEdVjALGF8AUT1lvXbAgamoptbn7Ypt7xiqpodTrDoP9bVxhnSr3/w400-h300/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F3.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjnoQH39aXc7eGUFKz2Gd7hfxq9vEiodep1sYsltpjoNvvq3sKMabmopD35VkF4tSi385nFSkbxUbiYeU6TKrpemLVO1q-Yc6MvoQWQRGZLfvxNGyMDvsXPk2MLYLMFFuo413RfKTX8-R53awpoEyqRltzK9vm7VsU9WIABDn0XYoUAUQ0KmD37ugA/s960/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjnoQH39aXc7eGUFKz2Gd7hfxq9vEiodep1sYsltpjoNvvq3sKMabmopD35VkF4tSi385nFSkbxUbiYeU6TKrpemLVO1q-Yc6MvoQWQRGZLfvxNGyMDvsXPk2MLYLMFFuo413RfKTX8-R53awpoEyqRltzK9vm7VsU9WIABDn0XYoUAUQ0KmD37ugA/w400-h300/%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E4%B8%8D%E5%95%8F4.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-18344598328793035252023-05-06T13:22:00.009+08:002023-06-10T09:21:52.203+08:00仁特鳥類誌02-臺灣擬啄木<p>李明洋 </p><p>(*歡迎引用,但請尊重智慧財產權,務必註明出處,謝謝)</p><p>學名:Psilopogon nuchalis</p><p>分類:鴷形目(Piciformes)、鬚鴷科(Megalaimidae)、擬啄木鳥屬(Psilopogon)</p><p>命名者:Gould, J.,1862</p><p>英文名:Taiwan Barbet</p><p>保育等級:無危(臺灣特有種)</p><p>遷徙狀態:留鳥</p><p>校園狀況:無確切統計,春夏常見於森林區、操場周邊、圓環區<span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmpk6cseH2PY_qEzySbsqhtJdvQi9w4S9rF_SayWVq33cRtvo1TSidSAoiUd5Rmb73S3JkoEANFFSVxpPleHavCJ6d0vfba6N5wJULqut00X6irMxQVnOucJISN7GowrwEBJvXPR3P_WyXxd0B-UMAgB-SZ14yN5Fg0-MWGzToizEQAyyeErLEn763/s384/%E5%9C%961.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="209" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmpk6cseH2PY_qEzySbsqhtJdvQi9w4S9rF_SayWVq33cRtvo1TSidSAoiUd5Rmb73S3JkoEANFFSVxpPleHavCJ6d0vfba6N5wJULqut00X6irMxQVnOucJISN7GowrwEBJvXPR3P_WyXxd0B-UMAgB-SZ14yN5Fg0-MWGzToizEQAyyeErLEn763/w347-h640/%E5%9C%961.jpg" width="347" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">圖1 因全身有綠、藍、黃、黑、紅 等5色,故舊稱五色鳥</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioq-Gm54Iv1ZtdvQlEpst79Ptlo3rsaKnKka4fzqq372i8mWdw2f3FCI0xeAIEk60U-9S0IhrrY8UAVfkOqoQwwmLt3gkwFPxOPlaWDeCkoDw9S0GtRNqXRL_bXpOX9DbiPNEp5aJfmFaBJkO17anilZr676u8qNsGE8CEYgFhHXVnO6d7BinQbq6B/s376/%E5%9C%962.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="376" data-original-width="214" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioq-Gm54Iv1ZtdvQlEpst79Ptlo3rsaKnKka4fzqq372i8mWdw2f3FCI0xeAIEk60U-9S0IhrrY8UAVfkOqoQwwmLt3gkwFPxOPlaWDeCkoDw9S0GtRNqXRL_bXpOX9DbiPNEp5aJfmFaBJkO17anilZr676u8qNsGE8CEYgFhHXVnO6d7BinQbq6B/w364-h640/%E5%9C%962.jpg" width="364" /></a></div>圖2 臺灣擬啄木喜停棲於樹冠層上發出叩-叩-叩的叫聲</div><br /><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">一、分類</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木原名五色鳥,早先被視為Megalaima屬,但現已被歸於擬啄木鳥屬(Psilopogon)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 1862年,英國鳥類學家Gould在《倫敦動物學會會刊》發表了一篇名為<由女王陛下副領事史溫侯蒐集自福爾摩沙島的16個新鳥種(Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Birds from the Island of Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., Her Majesty's Vice-Consul at Formosa)>的文章,介紹一種臺灣特有的鳥類,並將之命名為Megalaima nuchalis(Gould, 1863),這就是原稱五色鳥的臺灣擬啄木,也是世界上有關臺灣擬啄木的最早記錄。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> Megalaima nuchalis是什麼意思呢?查閱Jobling(2010)編寫的《科學鳥類字典(The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names)》,屬名Megalaima 這個字係由megalos和laimos組成;其中,megalos是希臘文「大的(great)」的意思,laimos是希臘文「喉部(throat)」的意思,表示Megalaima這一屬的鳥類都有著膨大的喉部;而種名nuchalis是拉丁文「枕部(nape)」的意思,係用以強調臺灣擬啄木的枕部有一塊紅色的羽毛。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 1936年,Berlioz將Megalaima nuchalis歸為馬來半島和蘇門答臘的黑眉擬啄木(Megalaima oorti oorti)分布於臺灣的特有亞種,命名為Megalaima oorti nuchalis(Berlioz, 1936,引自張心怡,2010,p3)。使得臺灣擬啄木有很長一段時間和越南的安南擬啄木(Megalaima oorti annamensis)、海南島的華南擬啄木(Megalaima oorti faber)、中國東南部的廣西擬啄木(Megalaima oorti sini)同為黑眉擬啄木的特有亞種(劉小如,2012)。這些同屬的鳥類學名中都有oorti這個字,主要是為了紀念荷蘭博物學家、蒐藏家暨插畫家Pieter van Oort(Jobling, 2010)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 直到2006年,Collar針對Megalaima nuchalis、Megalaima sini、Megalaima faber、Megalaima annamensis和Megalaima oorti等5個鳥種進行形態特徵的分析,結果發現Megalaima nuchalis的外型有足以和其他亞種做區別的特徵,例如Megalaima nuchalis的枕部有紅色斑塊,但其他鳥種則無,因此Collar主張Megalaima nuchalis為獨立鳥種,並建議將其英文名字取為Taiwan Barbet。至此,Megalaima nuchalis為臺灣的特有鳥種獲得了學術上的支持。這一年,臺灣官方遂將Megalaima nuchalis從原本的特有亞種,擢升為臺灣特有種(張心怡,2010)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 2008年,Feinstein、Yang和Li(2008)以分子生物技術針對Megalaima nuchalis、Megalaima sini、Megalaima faber、Megalaima annamensis和Megalaima oorti進行分析,結果證實Megalaima nuchalis為獨立鳥種,並主張將原本的5個鳥種修改成4個獨立鳥種,亦即分布於臺灣的Megalaima nuchalis,分布於越南的Megalaima annamensis,分布於馬來半島和蘇門答臘的Megalaima oorti,和分布於中國東南和海南島的Megalaima faber。Megalaima nuchalis臺灣特有種的地位再次獲得支持。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 2013年,Tex和Leonard(2013)再次以分子生物技術進行分析,結果發現Megalaima nuchalis、Megalaima faber、Megalaima annamensis和Megalaima oorti這幾個鳥種不僅各自獨立,而且與同為鬚鴷科(Megalaimidae)另一屬Psilopogon的鳥種處於相同的進化分支,又因為Psilopogon的提出時間早於Megalaima,因此將Megalaima的4個鳥種併入Psilopogn,使得鬚鴷科從原本的3屬,變為2屬,分別是擬啄木鳥屬(Psilopogon)和褐擬啄木鳥屬(Caloramphinae)。於是,將原本的學名Megalaima nuchalis改為Psilopogon nuchalis,並依分類將中文名稱從五色鳥改為臺灣擬啄木(陽明山國家公園保育研究課,2020;劉小如,2012;Ericson, 2012; Tex & Leonard, 2013)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">二、名稱</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木屬於鴷形目(Piciformes),鬚鴷科(Megalaimidae)。根據先秦《爾雅·釋鳥》的說明:「鴷,斲木。」北宋陳彭年主篇的《大宋重修廣韻》解釋道:「鴷,啄木。」北宋丁度主編的《集韻》則進一步說明:「鴷,卽斲木鳥。常斲樹食蟲。」而斲通啄,由此可見,鴷指的就是會啄木吃蟲的啄木鳥。也因此,生性會啄木的臺灣擬啄木遂被歸於鴷形目。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 其次,臺灣擬啄木的學名為Psilopogon nuchalis,根據《科學鳥類字典(The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names)》的解釋,Psilopogon這個字是由psilos和pogon組成;其中,psilos是古希臘語「裸露的」,的意思,pogon是古希臘語「鬍子」的意思(Jobling, 2010),所以Psilopogon這個字可能是用以描述擬啄木鳥屬的鳥類均有明顯的髭鬚。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 再者,臺灣擬啄木原名五色鳥,顧名思義,就是指這種鳥有5種顏色:綠色、紅色、黃色、藍色、黑色(何玉蟬,1990;林務局臺東林區管理處,2021;楊育昌,2001;葛兆年,2010)。又因臺灣擬啄木全身五彩繽紛,加上叫聲像和尚在敲木魚發出「叩、叩、叩」的聲音,所以又有「森林花和尚」的綽號(林務局臺東林區管理處,2021;楊育昌,2001;葛兆年,2010)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 至於臺灣擬啄木的英文名字為Taiwan barbet,而其他同屬擬啄木鳥屬(Psilopogon)的鳥類,例如分布於馬來半島和蘇門答臘的火簇擬啄木鳥(Fire-tufted barbet),分布於中國的大擬啄木鳥(Great barbet),分布於印度和斯里蘭卡的斑頭綠擬啄木鳥(Brown-headed barbet),名字中也都有barbet這個字。根據Jobling(2010)的解釋,barbet的字源為法語barbu,意思是「鬍鬚」,顯見當初取名者應該也注意到了這群擬啄木鳥嘴喙上的黑色髭鬚,所以用barbet來稱呼這群擬啄木鳥屬的鳥類。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">三、分布</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 目前全世界的鬚鴷科(Megalaimidae)鳥類共有2屬分別是擬啄木鳥屬(Psilopogon)和褐擬啄木鳥屬(Caloramphinae),前者有32種,後者有2種,兩者共計34種(Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2022)。鬚鴷科鳥類的分布範圍包括印度、斯里蘭卡、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦、緬甸、寮國、泰國、越南、中國、馬來西亞、印尼、柬埔寨、臺灣、菲律賓等地區(劉小如,2012;Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2022)。由於鬚鴷科鳥類主要分布於亞洲地區,因此又被稱為亞洲擬啄木(Asia Barbet)(Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2022)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣的鬚鴷科鳥類僅有1屬1種,即擬啄木鳥屬的臺灣擬啄木,僅分布於臺灣,為臺灣特有種。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">四、外型</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 鬚鴷科(Megalaimidae)的鳥類屬中小體型鳥類,身體短胖、頭大頸點,嘴喙寬大下彎,粗壯有力且先端尖,嘴喙基部有剛毛,初級飛羽和尾羽10枚,跗蹠(亦即大腿以下裸露的腿部)甚短,對趾,第二、三趾向前,第一、四趾向後,雄雌外型相近(劉小如,2012;劉華森、李平篤、姚桂月、呂芳千、鄭惟仁、馮雙、王侯凱、丁昶升,2011)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 屬於臺灣特有種的臺灣擬啄木大致符合上述特徵,上嘴喙比下嘴喙長,全身有綠、藍、黃、黑、紅等5種顏色:嘴喙、髭鬚和眉部均為黑色,眼睛上方有黑色眉線,眼先和枕部有紅色,臉部及頭頂多為藍色,額頭和喉部為黃色,全身多為綠色;對趾,可攀附在樹上(山馥嫻、葛兆年,2010;何玉蟬,1990;林務局臺東林區管理處,2021;劉小如,2012)。亞成鳥則頭頂多為綠色,黃色喉部偏淡;幼鳥則有膚色眼圈(沙謙中,2008)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 根據劉小如(2012)整理自中央研究院標本館的資料,雄鳥的嘴峰長度介於2.46公分~2.5公分,翼長9.72公分~10.1公分,尾長6公分~7.4公分,跗蹠長2.8公分~2.84公分;雌鳥的嘴峰長度介於2.05公分~2.63公分,翼長9.08公分~10.3公分,尾長6.24公分~6.8公分,跗蹠長2.59公分~3.38公分。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 儘管臺灣擬啄木雌雄鳥的外型看似相近,不過何玉蟬(1990)指出臺灣擬啄木雄鳥頸背上的紅色羽區可能較雌鳥大且鮮豔。而根據葛兆年、張靖、許詩涵(2016)利用基因檢驗技術針對臺灣擬啄木雌雄鳥的外型所做的分析顯示,臺灣擬啄木雌雄鳥枕部的紅色斑塊為成鳥羽色特徵,而且臺灣擬啄木上枕部羽毛上的紅斑比例達50%以上的羽毛數,雄鳥明顯大於雌鳥。有此可知,臺灣擬啄木成鳥枕部紅斑的大小或許可以做為性別區分的參考。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">五、鳴聲</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 李亞夫、郭硯敏、張心怡和陳佳惠(2019)的研究發現,臺灣擬啄木傾向於停棲在高度相對較高且樹圍較粗的樹木上鳴叫。有關臺灣擬啄木的鳴叫特性,根據何玉蟬(1990)的觀察發現,臺灣擬啄木鳴叫時,嘴喙緊閉,喉部鼓脹,振動程度會影響鳴聲的頻率,若鳴聲極大,全身會顫動。每到繁殖季節,鳴叫聲甚至可持續10分鐘以上。此外,臺灣擬啄木的第一聲鳴叫會隨著日出時間的提前或延後而有一致性地變動,例如每年9月至隔年2月,多發生在日出時或日出後30分鐘內,3月至8月則大多在日出後15分鐘內發生(何玉蟬,1990)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 至於臺灣擬啄木的鳴聲,沙謙中(2008)指出,其鳴聲包括不同音節的快速喉音;有時單音,有時連續,偶爾也會發出單調且固定的短旋律;秋冬之際,有些單音鳴叫頗似赤腹松鼠的警戒聲。劉小如(2012)則指出,臺灣擬啄木會將"咯、咯、咯"等單音組成大約4種不同節奏與高低變化的鳴叫聲,且在受到驚嚇或警戒時,會發出連續的咕咕聲。而根據何玉蟬(1990)的觀察分析,臺灣擬啄木的鳴叫可歸類出5種類型:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(一)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>婉轉的高低「叩-叩-叩」連音:多發生在3月至5月的繁殖季節的前段。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(二)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>連續高亢的「叩-叩-叩」高音。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(三)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>單音節間隔較長的「叩-叩-叩」鳴聲:多發生在6至8月繁殖季節的後段。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(四)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>由單音節間隔較長的「叩-叩-叩」鳴聲轉為連續高亢的「叩-叩-叩」高音</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(五)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>低沉細弱的「咕-咕-咕」連音:多發生於有外物接近時。此時臺灣擬啄木會豎起頭部羽毛,呈警戒狀態,若外物持續前進,則會出現啄刺行為。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">六、食性</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 葛兆年、鄭惟仁(2013)針對臺北植物園的鳥類食性進行探究,結果發現臺灣擬啄木屬於植食性鳥種,亦即以植物為主食,佔所有食物的91.2%;其中,又以果實為大宗,佔87.3%,屬於食果性鳥種。此外,臺灣擬啄木偶爾也會食用植物的葉子、花瓣、花托,甚至樹皮(張心怡,2010;葛兆年、鄭惟仁,2013)。Chen、Sun、Huang和Chou(2012)的研究指出,臺灣擬啄木最常取食的果實種類是核果,佔73.9%,其次是漿果,佔21.7%,而最常取食的地點則是樹冠層(78.3%),亦即臺灣擬啄木較偏愛在大樹的樹冠層上取食核果。而根據葛兆年和鄭惟仁(2013)的研究顯示,臺灣擬啄木的消化道可促進陰香種子發芽,因此有助於傳播陰香的種子。而根據張心怡(2010)的研究發現,臺灣擬啄木可將果實的種子全數帶離母樹,並以消化作用中的去抑制效應 (deinhibition effect),亦即藉由消化作用使果肉和種子分離,以去除抑制種子發芽的抑制物,打破種子的化學性休眠,進而促使種子發芽。由此可見,臺灣擬啄木在生態圈中乃扮演著植物種子傳播者的重要角色。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 綜合各項研究(宋馥珊,2006;陳炤杰、周蓮香,1999;張心怡,2010)的結果顯示,臺灣擬啄木最常食用的植物性食物包括果實和種子、樹皮、花、嫩葉、花托,茲條列如下:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(一)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>果實和種子:雀榕(Ficus superba)、大葉赤榕(Ficus caulocarpa)、金氏榕(Ficus ampelas Burm.f.)、澀葉榕(Ficus irisana Elm)、白榕(Ficus benjamina)、尾尖葉柃(Eurya acuminata)、長葉木薑子(Lisea acuminata)、香楠(Persea zuihoensis)、長梗紫麻(Villebrunea pedunculata)、鵝掌藤(Schefflera arboricola)、紅楠(Persea thunbergii)、鵝掌柴(Schefflera octophylla)、鵲不踏(Aralia decaisneana)、廣東山葡萄(Ampelopsis cantoniensis)、漢氏山葡萄(Ampelopsis glandulosa var. hancei)、台楠(Phoebe formosana)、假長葉楠(Persea japonica)、山紅柿(Diospyros morrisiana)、臺灣楊桐(Adinandra formosana)、杜虹花(Callicarpa formosana)、山櫻花(Prunus campanulata)、青楊梅(Myrica adenophora)、白肉榕(Ficus virgata)、山黃麻(Trema tomentosa)、厚殼樹(Ehretia resinosa)、正榕(Ficus microcarpa)、茄冬(Bischofia javanica)、大葉楠(Machilus japonica Sieb. & Zucc. var. kusanoi (Hayata) Liao)、鐵冬青(Ilex rotunda)、山羨子(Buchanania arborescens)、台灣假黃楊(Liodendron formosanum)、恆春哥納香(Goniothalamus amuyon)、珊瑚樹(Viburnum odoratissimum)、象牙柿(Diospyros ferrea)、黃心柿(Diospyros maritima Blume)、菲律賓饅頭果(Glochidion phillppicum)、血桐(Macaranga tanarius)、蟲屎(Melanolepis multiglandulosa)、樟樹(Cinnamomum camphora)、土楠(Cryptocarya concinna Hance)、黃肉樹(Litsea hypophaea)、火筒樹(Leea guineensis G. Don)、埔姜桑寄生(Taxillus theifer)、椆櫟柿寄生(Aspidixia articulata)、紅柴(Aglaia formosana)、印度橡膠樹(Ficus elastica)、樹杞(Ardisia sieboldii)、春不老(Ardisia squamulosa)、賽赤楠(Acmena acuminatissima)、蘭嶼赤楠(Syzygium simile)、山柚(Champereia manillana)、細射葉椰子(Ptychosperma angustifolium Blume)、月橘(Murraya paniculata)、掌葉蘋婆(Sterculia foetida)、朴樹(Celtis sinensis)、光臘樹(Fraxinus griffithii)等。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(二)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>樹皮:苦楝(Melia azedarach)、光臘樹(Fraxinus griffithii)、朴樹(Celtis sinensis)、山黃麻(Trema tomentosa)、白榕(Ficus benjamina)、茄冬(Bischofia javanica)、台東漆樹(Semecarpus gigantifolia)、土芒果(Mangifera indica)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(三)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>花:台東漆樹(Semecarpus gigantifolia)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(四)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>嫩葉:朴樹(Celtis sinensis)、白榕(Ficus benjamina)、小實孔雀豆(Adenanthera microsperma L)、楓香(Liquidambar formosana)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(五)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>花托:台東漆樹(Semecarpus gigantifolia)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 至於臺灣擬啄木的取食行為,根據張心怡(2010)的研究顯示,臺灣擬啄木每次大多取食1至3顆果實,取食時間約為1至3分鐘,若結束覓食,會在1分鐘內離開果樹。臺灣擬啄木取食的行為包括吞食(swallowing)和啄食(pecking),前者是食用寬度小於16mm的果實,後者則是食用寬度大於16mm的果實。Chen和Chou(2008)在福山植物園做的研究則發現,臺灣擬啄木由於嘴喙較長,因此取食時大多採伸展(reaching)方式,亦即會拉長頸部和腿部取食,而採啄食(gleaning)的比率則較低。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 非常有趣的是,臺灣擬啄木的成鳥幾乎都茹素,而幼鳥則有食肉。山馥嫻和葛兆年(2010)即指出,臺灣擬啄木主要取食果實和花等植物類食物,到了繁殖季則會以昆蟲、壁虎或蜥蜴餵養幼鳥。葛兆年(2013)在<五色鳥育兒菜單裡的秘密>中有如下一段有趣的描述:「(臺灣擬啄木)育兒的菜單中,昆蟲與果實的比例是4: 6,…因為牠育幼需要昆蟲;其實(成鳥)本身,就我們了解,是素食者。此外,山區的…幼鳥吃的昆蟲更多,昆蟲與果實的比例是7: 3,遠超過臺北植物園的(臺灣擬啄木),而且不僅吃的昆蟲量多,昆蟲種類更多樣。幼鳥發育的快慢與食物中昆蟲的多寡有關:昆蟲越多,幼鳥發育越快,但果實反而與幼鳥發育沒有相關。」而葛兆年等人(2013)根據其所做的研究,進一步推測,昆蟲為臺灣擬啄木幼鳥生長的關鍵食物,都市公園綠地的昆蟲量不足可能是造成幼鳥生長遲緩及夭折率提高的原因。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">此外,值得一提的是,臺灣擬啄木和紅嘴黑鵯、白頭翁的取食植物重疊度分別為52.8%和9.9%(葛兆年、鄭惟仁,2013)。由於這三種鳥類在本校均有現蹤,因此彼等鳥類之間是否因食物的競爭關係而影響其族群分布,若有興趣,不妨可做個了解。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">七、棲地</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木為臺灣頗為常見的留鳥,喜歡在公園、植物園、校園、行道樹等人工棲地,以及海拔2500公尺以下的中低海拔闊葉林活動(山馥嫻、葛兆年,2010;何玉蟬,1990;沙謙中,2008;張心怡,2010;葛兆年,2010;劉小如,2012;Koh & Lu, 2009;Lin, Lu, Shan, Liao, Weng, Cheng,& Koh, 2010),繁殖季前期甚至會在2800公尺以上的針葉林現蹤(沙謙中,2008)。劉小如(2012)指出,原本臺灣南部的臺灣擬啄木數量比北部多,但如今北部的數量也已相當普遍,而且也較易在庭園中枝葉不濃密處現蹤。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木屬於樹棲型(perching)鳥類(沙謙中,2008),亦即牠們的爪子適合抓住樹枝,並不適合在地上行走(Posey, 2017),因此,我們幾乎看不到臺灣擬啄木在地面上活動。沙謙中(2008)指出,除了育雛外,臺灣擬啄木通常僅於樹林的中、上層活動,或做短距離的飛行;長距離飛行時,以間斷快速鼓翼的波浪狀行進,速度極快。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 由於臺灣擬啄木喜歡棲息在高大樹木的樹冠層,且體色幾乎全綠,形成了良好的保護色,因此一旦靜立樹梢,幾乎不會被人發覺(山馥嫻、葛兆年,2010;林務局臺東林區管理處,2021;何玉蟬,1990;楊育昌,2001)。不過,相較於其他鳥類,臺灣擬啄木是屬於較喜鳴叫的鳥種(Liao, Shieh,& Chen, 2018),而且鳴聲具有規則性,極易辨別,所以只要聽到規律性的「叩-叩-叩」鳴聲,不妨抬頭查看,或許就會在枝葉之間發現牠們的蹤跡。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">八、繁殖</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 針對臺灣擬啄木的繁殖情形,國內累積了大量資料(山馥嫻、葛兆年,2010;何玉蟬,1990;沙謙中,2008;李亞夫等,2019;林務局臺東林區管理處,2021;葛兆年,2010;葛兆年等,2011;葛兆年等,2012;葛兆年等,2013;葛兆年等,2018;劉小如,2012;Koh & Lu, 2009;Lin, et al., 2010)。茲綜合上述各項資料,分別就臺灣擬啄木的繁殖期、求偶、選擇巢樹、啄巢洞、產卵、育雛、離巢等幾個面向,說明如下:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(一)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">繁殖期</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木為一夫一妻制,每年的3月至4月進入繁殖季,6至7月到達頂峰,結束於8月至9月。繁殖期間,雄鳥會在領域內樹葉稀疏的高枝或電線上鳴唱。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(二)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">求偶</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 到了求偶階段,可見到雄鳥與雌鳥相互追隨、擺尾、點頭、對唱等行為。此外,雄鳥會以果實或昆蟲餵養雌鳥,會在巢洞處以嘴喙展現敲擊動作,以獲取雌鳥的青睞。通常,臺灣擬啄木的平均交配時間大約維持10.8秒,但交配未必緊隨在求偶之後。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(三)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">選擇巢樹</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 當繁殖季節到來,雄鳥就會開始物色適合啄巢洞的樹木。通常,臺灣擬啄木會選擇疏林棲地上的枯立木或枯樹枝啄巢洞,前者約佔41.7%,後者約佔58.3%。枯木的選擇以含水率較低者為優先,可能是因為枯木的硬度相對較小,可減少啄巢洞時能量的消耗,而含水率低則較能避免滋生寄生蟲。其次,臺灣擬啄木會以樹幹內側腐朽而外側相對健康的部位為啄巢洞的理想位置,因為內側腐朽易於啄巢洞,外側健康則可降低巢洞受天敵及強風等破壞之風險。此外,巢洞的方位會傾向於陽光照射得到,且空氣對流的位置,如此方能維持洞內乾燥與通風。 </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 在巢樹種類的選擇上,臺灣擬啄木偏愛雙子葉植物,例如樟樹(Cinnamomum camphora)、黑板樹(Alstinia scholaris)、臺灣魚木(Crateva formosensis)、毛柿(Diospyros philippensis)、雀榕(Ficus subpisocarpa)、印度紫檀(Pterocarpus indicus)、臺東漆樹(Semecarpus gigantifolia)、刺桐(Erythrina variegata)、破布子( Cordia dichotoma)、白千層(Melaleuca leucadendra)、鐵刀木(Senna siamea)、(Cinnamomum camphora)、苦楝(Melia azedarach)、菩提樹(Ficus religiosa)、槭葉翅子樹(Pterospermum acerifolium)、吉貝木棉(Ceiba pentandra)、芒果(Mangifera indica)、烏來柯(Pasania uraiana)、魚木(Crateva adansonii subsp. formosensis)、榕樹(Ficus retusa)等,其中又以樟樹最受臺灣擬啄木喜愛,原因是樟樹較易腐朽、硬度也較低。至於單子葉植物之所以較不被青睞,是因為單子葉植物(如亞力山大椰子)的纖維結構不易被破壞。筆者就曾在國小部後面親眼目睹一隻臺灣擬啄木圍繞著一株棍棒椰子猛啄,但過沒多就放棄了。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(四)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">啄巢洞</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 當雄鳥選擇好巢樹後,就會挑一個良好的位置開始啄巢洞。雄鳥平均每次約花28.5分鐘啄巢洞,然後會去覓食;雌鳥啄巢洞的次數較少,且停留的時間也較短,有的甚至僅擔任守衛及入洞檢查,而不啄巢洞。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木剛開始啄巢洞時,會用嘴啄下木屑,每啄3至4次,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">就會頭向後仰,查看洞口形狀,再繼續啄。若周圍有吵雜聲,則停止啄巢洞,呈警戒狀態。到了啄巢洞中期,會用爪子攀住洞口下的樹身,頭頸鑽入洞裡啄洞,每啄4至5次,頭就會縮回洞口,並向後仰,觀看巢洞形狀。到了築巢洞末期,會全身進入洞裡,向下啄洞,每隔45秒左右,會將木屑叼出洞口拋棄。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 完成一個巢洞約需花18至30天完成,如遇陰雨或起霧等不佳天候則不啄巢洞,一個繁殖季可能會啄數個巢洞,但並非每個巢洞都會使用,有時會使用舊洞,不用新洞,有時則會翻新舊洞,卻未使用。不過,臺灣擬啄木不是只有繁殖季才會啄巢洞,而是全年都會啄巢洞,因為啄巢洞除了繁殖季可供育雛外,非繁殖季則可在樹洞裡過夜。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木啄巢洞之處往往是整棵巢樹腐朽度最高的部位,所以樹木腐朽的部位乃關乎著巢洞的高度。而在巢洞位置的選擇上,係以有遮蔽、通風良好、天敵不易靠近、附近有充足食物資源等條件為最佳。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 巢洞的洞口近乎圓形,口徑約介於4.21至5公分,巢壁厚度介於3到6公分之間,大小僅能容納一隻成鳥進出,可防止諸如赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)或鳳頭蒼鷹(Accipiter trivirgatus)等獵食者的入侵或破壞。巢洞位置的枝幹直徑介於10到37公分之間,尤以14至19公分的樹徑為最;巢樹高度約介於8.4至11.2公尺,巢洞位置則距離地面2至13公尺。洞口先是一條通往樹芯方向平行於地面的通道,深度介於9公分至13公分,然後近乎90度轉向往下形成一個深約26.36至32.3公分的布袋狀巢室,為養育下一代之處。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄最常在14公分至19公分樹(枝)徑的位置築巢,約佔巢樹的1/2,顯示中徑級的主幹或枝條是臺灣擬啄較傾向選擇的巢位徑級。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(五)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">產卵</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 繁殖季時,雌鳥每天會產一顆蛋,每對親鳥約可產下1至3巢蛋,平均產1.5至1.8巢蛋;每巢約產3至4顆蛋,平均產3.1至3.7顆蛋。蛋呈橢圓形,白色,無斑點,平均長度2.69公分,寬度1.98公分,重5.4公克。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(六)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">孵蛋</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 孵蛋的工作由雄雌鳥輪流進行,通常在早上6:00至10:00之間。白天平均只有58.2%的時間有親鳥孵蛋,雄鳥孵蛋的時間較雌鳥多,但雌鳥會在洞中過夜。平均孵蛋期為13.8至13.9 天。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 其次,臺灣擬啄木的孵蛋成功率約介於44%至53.5%,雖低於印度白頰綠擬啄木(Megalaima viridis)的71.7%和斯里蘭卡腥紅擬啄木(rubricapilla)的80%,但因產蛋數量較多,故彌補了孵蛋成功率低的不足之處。致使蛋未能成功孵化的原因,則包括卵子未受精(40%)、被人類干擾(25%)、氣候乾擾或遭親鳥遺棄(15%),以及其他未知因素(20%)等。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(七)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">育雛</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 雛鳥破殼後全身無毛,所以親鳥須提供幼雛體溫以維持生理機能。育雛的工作係由親鳥共同肩負,當親鳥捕獲食物後,會以嘴叼食物,循固定路線向巢洞飛去,然後停棲在巢洞附近的樹枝上,確定沒有危險後,再飛至巢洞口。若雛鳥尚小,則親鳥會全身入洞餵食,並在洞內轉身,再頭朝外爬出洞口,可能立刻離去,也可能等一陣子再離去。若雛鳥較大,會爬至洞口觀望,此時,親鳥會快速停棲在洞口,餵完後即刻飛離。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 平均而言,親鳥的餵雛時間為每小時9分鐘,每小時1.3至4.2次,在清晨花較多的時間餵雛,午後的餵雛時間較短,平均育雛期約介於23至30.6 天。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 在育雛階段,親鳥會在中期提供幼雛最大量的食物,而在晚期則提供相對最少的食物。食物種類包括昆蟲、果實,以及壁虎、蜥蜴等,其中,又以昆蟲的餵食數量最多,約佔總體食物的62.3%。餵食的昆蟲種類包括直翅目(1%~23.5%)、竹節蟲目(14.7%)、半翅目(7.9%~11.8%)、鞘翅目(8.8%~11.5%)、螳螂目(1.3%~5.9%)、蜻蛉目(1.0%)、鱗翅目(1%~5.9%)、蜚蠊目(10%)及膜翅目(1.8%~2.9%)等。 </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 除了餵養雛鳥,雄雌鳥也會輪流清理巢洞,以早上6:00至10:00最為頻繁,平均每小時清理0.9次。由於雌鳥較常待再巢洞裡,所以清理巢洞(比如清理巢洞裡的排泄物)的頻率會高於雄鳥,尤以育雛前期為最。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(八)</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">離巢</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木幼鳥的成功離巢率,亦即從破殼而出到成熟後飛離巢洞的比率約介於32.8%至52.2%,遠低於印度的白頰綠擬啄木(Megalaima viridis)的75.5%和斯里蘭卡的腥紅擬啄木(rubricapilla)的75%。造成雛鳥死亡的原因包括夭折、被捕食、親鳥未返巢餵食,以及氣候因素等。當雛鳥死於巢洞,部分親鳥會將屍體叼離巢洞拋棄。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 雖然臺灣擬啄木的成功離巢率遠低於其他亞洲擬啄木,但餵雛期平均23至30.6 天,明顯短於其他亞洲擬啄木(平均35至38天),可能是因為臺灣擬啄木的雛鳥食用的昆蟲量較大,獲得較豐富的蛋白質,因此長得較快,較早離巢,因而得以彌補離巢成功率較低的問題。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">九、重要性</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 根據葛兆年、陳舜英和陳銘瑝(2014)的研究發現,臺灣擬啄木的消化道具有去除果肉的抑制效應,在取食榕樹、雀榕、茄苳和樟樹等樹種的果實並排遺後,有助於種子發芽,所以是彼等樹木的良好的播種者。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 其次,臺灣擬啄木會自己啄巢洞,在自然界中係屬於一級洞巢者(primary cavity nester),至於有巢洞需求,卻不會自己製造者則屬於二級洞巢者。由於臺灣擬啄木會製造巢洞,而且使用舊巢繁殖的比例低,所以棄置不用的巢洞則可被二級洞巢者(如貓頭鷹、山雀、樹蛙)使用(葛兆年,2010;葛兆年等,2011)。正因為臺灣擬啄木具有替其他生物建造棲所的能力,因而對二級巢洞者的生物多樣性具有舉足輕重的地位,乃是生態系中的關鍵物種,因此校園裡應栽植足夠數量的適合樹種,供其啄巢洞(葛兆年,2010;葛兆年等,2011;葛兆年等,2018)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">十、威脅</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木為臺灣特有種,棲息於平地和中低海拔地區,為都市公園、校園普遍可見的留鳥,目前並未被政府列入野生動物保育法的名單中(劉小如,2012)。然而,臺灣擬啄木仍面臨以下諸多威脅:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(一)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>人為捕獵:臺灣擬啄木的羽色相當豔麗,受到許多豢養人士的喜愛,因而遭到非法捕獵的新聞時有所聞(方志賢,2011;林務局臺東林區管理處,2021;黃明堂,2009;Lin, et al., 2010)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(二)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>過度開發:許多低海拔闊葉林因人為開發而消失,致使臺灣擬啄木的棲地遭到破壞(楊育昌,2001)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(三)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>天然災害:如颱風造成的強風豪雨,導致巢樹倒伏或巢洞遭致淹沒,迫使親鳥棄巢他就(Koh & Lu,2009)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(四)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>過度管理:許多公園或校園的主事者出於景觀美化或病蟲害防治等理由,將枯樹幹和枝條砍除殆盡,致使臺灣擬啄木找不到適合啄巢洞的巢樹(林務局臺東林區管理處,2021;葛兆年,2010;山馥嫻、葛兆年,2010;Koh & Lu, 2009;Lin, et al., 2010;Short & Horne, 2001,引自葛兆年等,2012,p.56)。事實上,臺灣擬啄木傾向於以內部腐朽但外側仍然健康的樹木為巢樹,而具備這種特徵者,多半是局部腐朽但沒有傾倒之虞的樹木,所以臺灣擬啄木的啄巢洞行為與樹木的倒伏未必有關(葛兆年、阮名揚、呂芳千、鄭惟仁、林振榮,2011)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(五)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>天敵威脅:葛兆年等人(2012)的研究指出,被掠食為臺灣擬啄木卵孵化失敗(50%)及幼鳥離巢失敗(87%)之主因,其中又以蛇類為主要掠食者,幼鳥被掠食比卵多(26:8)。此外,赤腹松鼠、鳳頭蒼鷹和流浪貓等,也會對臺灣擬啄木的卵和雛鳥造成威脅(葛兆年,2010;葛兆年、許詩涵、張靖,2016)。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">(六)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>食物短缺:公園或校園在人為的管理下可能會定期除蟲除草,而使得昆蟲的數量減少,進而影響到臺灣擬啄木可利用的食物資源。Martin(1987,引自葛兆年、許詩涵、張靖,2016,p.5)指出,當食物資源較多時,親鳥即可節省取食的時間,而多花時間在巢洞孵卵,進而提高卵的孵化成功率。葛兆年、許詩涵、張靖(2016)亦指出,食物缺乏會使得鳥類繁殖表現不佳,包括幼鳥體重下降、死亡率提升等。因此,食物充沛與否乃與臺灣擬啄木的繁殖表現密切相關。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">十一、建議</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"> 臺灣擬啄木最喜歡在中徑級(14至19公分)的枯立木或枯樹枝上啄巢洞。目前本校的樹木雖不少,但管理者往往出於安全考量,將校園裡的枯木移除,如此極易使臺灣擬啄木找不到適合的巢樹啄巢洞,轉而離去他就,長此以往,將使校內的生物多樣性受到不利的影響。事實上,臺灣擬啄木傾向於以內部腐朽但外側仍然健康的樹木為巢樹,而具備這種特徵者,多半是局部腐朽但沒有傾倒之虞的樹木,所以臺灣擬啄木的啄巢洞行為與樹木的倒伏未必有關(葛兆年、阮名揚、呂芳千、鄭惟仁、林振榮,2011)。其次,臺灣擬啄木最常在 (14至19公分)的主幹或枝條位置啄巢洞(葛兆年等,2018),所以校園裡的樹木是否高大到足夠成為臺灣擬啄木的巢樹,也與臺灣擬啄木的生存有個密切的關係。因此,建議學校主事者妥善照顧校園裡的樹木,給予澆水與施肥,使其成長茁壯,也不要一味地將校園裡的枯木移除,如此方能提供臺灣擬啄木良好的生存環境。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">參考文獻</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;">[中文部分]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">丁度編</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">(1037)</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=937344"><span lang="EN-US">集韻</span></a></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->山馥嫻、葛兆年<span lang="EN-US">(2010)</span>。五色鳥<span lang="EN-US">(Megalaima nuchalis)</span>。行政院農委會林業試驗所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->方志賢<span lang="EN-US">(2011/06/09)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/paper/499140"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">鳥賊鋸木</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">連巢偷走五色鳥</span></span></a></span>。自由時報。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->何玉蟬<span lang="EN-US">(1990)</span>。陽明山國家公園五色鳥之生物學研究。國立臺灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文<span lang="EN-US">(</span>未出版<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->佚名<span lang="EN-US">(</span>先秦<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/er-ya/zh"><span lang="EN-US">爾雅</span></a></span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->宋馥珊<span lang="EN-US">(2006)</span>。墾丁高位珊瑚礁森林鳥類及哺乳動物對三種榕屬植物榕果之利用。國立東華大學自然資源管理研究所碩士論文<span lang="EN-US">(</span>未出版<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->李亞夫、郭硯敏、張心怡、陳佳惠<span lang="EN-US">(2019)</span>。五色鳥的棲地與資源利用及其在種子傳播上之效益。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。國立成功大學生命科學系。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->沙謙中<span lang="EN-US">(2008)</span>。賞鳥<span lang="EN-US">Easy Go-</span>陸鳥篇。遠流。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->林務局臺東林區管理處<span lang="EN-US">(2021/02/08)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://mbasic.facebook.com/TaitungForestGov/photos/a.370445600441297/876956626456856/?type=3&source=48"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">五<span lang="EN-US">色鳥</span></span></span>
Megalaima nuchalisi</a></span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->邵廣昭、許正欣<span lang="EN-US">(2013)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://taieol.tw/pages/73518">Psilopogon
nuchalis(Gould, 1863)</a></span>。臺灣生命大百科。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->張心怡<span lang="EN-US">(2010)</span>。五色鳥食物資源利用及其對種子傳播的影響。國立成功大學生物多樣性研究所碩士論文<span lang="EN-US">(</span>未出版<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->張靖、葛兆年<span lang="EN-US">(2014)</span>。食物中昆蟲量是否影響五色鳥<span lang="EN-US">(Megalaima nuchalis)</span>幼鳥生長速率?國家公園學報,<span lang="EN-US">24(2)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.57-64</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">13.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->陳炤杰、周蓮香<span lang="EN-US">(1999)</span>。福山試驗林森林鳥類之食性觀察。台灣林業科學,<span lang="EN-US">14(3)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.275-287</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">14.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->陳炤杰、周蓮香<span lang="EN-US">(2008)</span>。福山試驗林廣食性食果性鳥類與專一性食果性鳥類在攝食生態上的差異。台灣林業科學,<span lang="EN-US">23(3)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.233-242</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">15.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->陳彭年等編<span lang="EN-US">(1008)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=202286"><span lang="EN-US">大宋重修廣韻</span></a></span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">16.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->陽明山國家公園保育研究課<span lang="EN-US">(2020/10/08)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/main_ch/docDetail.aspx?uid=2142&pid=2140&docid=11557#accesskey-s"><span lang="EN-US">臺灣擬啄木</span></a></span>。陽明山國家公園。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">17.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->黃明堂<span lang="EN-US">(2009/05/14)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/local/paper/303341"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">卑南文化公園</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">五色鳥傳遭獵捕</span></span></a></span>。自由時報。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">18.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->楊育昌<span lang="EN-US">(2001/03/05)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://e-info.org.tw/node/11600"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">五色鳥 </span></span>Muller's Barbet (Megalaima oorti)</a></span>。環境資訊中心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">19.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年<span lang="EN-US">(2010)</span>。禽擇木而居-五色鳥築洞有術。林業研究專訊,<span lang="EN-US">17(2)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.53-56</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">20.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年<span lang="EN-US">(2013)</span>。五色鳥育兒菜單裡的秘密。林業研究專訊,<span lang="EN-US">20(2)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.38-39</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">21.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、鄭惟仁<span lang="EN-US">(2013)</span>。臺北植物園鳥類吃甚麼植物?林業研究專訊,<span lang="EN-US">20(2). Pp. 34-37</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">22.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、阮名揚、呂芳千、鄭惟仁、林振榮<span lang="EN-US">(2011)</span>。利用超音波檢測法評估五色鳥巢與樹木腐朽的關係。林業研究專訊,<span lang="EN-US">18(5)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.60-63</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">23.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、張靖、許詩涵<span lang="EN-US">(2016)</span>。五色鳥兩性在羽色及體形上的差異。台灣林業科學,<span lang="EN-US">31(3)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.161-168</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">24.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、許詩涵、張靖<span lang="EN-US">(2016)</span>。五色鳥<span lang="EN-US">(Psilopogon nuchalis)</span>在自然與都市地景的繁殖成功率。國家公園學報,<span lang="EN-US">26(1)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.1-8</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">25.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、許詩涵、張靖、王相華<span lang="EN-US">(2018)</span>。五色鳥在都市棲地的巢樹及巢位研究。台灣林業科學,<span lang="EN-US">33(2)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.97-108</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">26.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、許詩涵、鄭惟仁、陳銘瑝、黃尹宣、葉耕帆、張靖、羅英元<span lang="EN-US">(2013)</span>。環境昆蟲量對五色鳥<span lang="EN-US">(Megalaima nuchalis)</span>幼鳥生長與存活之影響。台灣生物多樣性研究,<span lang="EN-US">15 (3)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.185-195</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">27.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、陳舜英、陳銘瑝<span lang="EN-US">(2014)</span>。五色鳥取食<span lang="EN-US">4</span>種台灣原生樹種果實對其種子發芽的影響。台灣林業科學,<span lang="EN-US">29(Supplement)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.27-39</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">28.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->葛兆年、羅英元、許詩涵、鄭惟仁、黃尹宣、黃文伯<span lang="EN-US">(2012)</span>。陽明山五色鳥<span lang="EN-US">(Megalaima nuchalis)</span>繁殖生物學。國家公園學報,<span lang="EN-US">22(2)</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.1-7</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">29.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->劉小如<span lang="EN-US">(2012)</span>。鬚鴷科。劉小如、丁宗蘇、方偉宏、林文宏、蔡牧起、顏重威<span lang="EN-US">(</span>著<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。臺灣鳥類誌<span lang="EN-US">(</span>中<span lang="EN-US">)</span>第二版。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.500-506</span>。行政院農業委員會林務局。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt;">
</p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">30.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->劉華森、李平篤、姚桂月、呂芳千、鄭惟仁、馮雙、王侯凱、丁昶升<span lang="EN-US">(2011)</span>。認識鬚鴷科五色鳥。冠羽,<span lang="EN-US">213</span>。<span lang="EN-US">Pp.4-9</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">[外文部分]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Chen, C. C. & Chou, L. S. (2008). Differences
in Foraging Ecology between Generalized and Specialized Frugivorous Birds in
the Fushan Experimental Forest, Northeastern Taiwan. Taiwan J For Sci., 23(3).
Pp.233-242.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Chen, C. C., Sun, Y, H., Huang, S. L.,& Chou,
L. S.(2012). Microhabitat Partitioning of Frugivorous Birds: Exploration by a
Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Taiwan J For Sci, 27(1). Pp.31-40.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Claramunt, S. & Cracraft, J.(2015). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">A new
time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">. Science Advances, 1(11). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Collar, N. J.(2006). A taxonomic reappraisal of
the Black-browed Barbet Megalaima oorti. Forktail, 22. Pp.170-173.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Ericson, P. G. P.(2012). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.5381&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and
parallel radiations.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"> Journal of
Biogeography, 39(5). Pp.813-824. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Feinstein, J., Yang, X.,& Li, S. H.(2008).
Molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the Black-browed Barbet
species complex (Megalaima oorti). IBIS,150(1). Pp.40-49.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Gill, F., Donsker, D.,& Rasmussen, P. Eds.
(2022). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">IOC World Bird List</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"> (v12.1).
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Gould, J.(1862). Descriptions of Sixteen New
Species of Birds from the Island of Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq.,
Her Majesty's Vice-Consul at Formosa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London, 1862. Pp.280-286.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Jobling, J. A. (2010). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">. London: Christopher Helm. p. 121. ISBN
978-1-4081-2501-4.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Koh, C. N. & Lu, F. C.(2009). Preliminary Investigation
on Nest-Tree and Nest-Cavity Characteristics of the Taiwan Barbet (Megalaima
nuchalis) in Taipei Botanical Garden. Taiwan J For Sci., 24(3). Pp.213-219.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Liao, C. C., Shieh, B. S.,& Chen, C. C.(2018).
Air Temperature Influenced the Vocal Activity of Birds in a Subtropical Forest
in Southern Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, 33(4). Pp.291-304.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Lin, S. Y., Lu, F. C., Shan, F. H., Liao, S. P.,
Weng, J. J., Cheng, W. J.,& Koh, C. N.(2010). Breeding Biology of the
Taiwan Barbet (Megalaima nuchalis) in Taipei Botanical Garden.The Wilson
Journal of Ornithology, 122(4). Pp.681-688.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Lin, S. Y., Lu, F. C., Shan, F. H., Liao, S. P.,
Weng, J. L., Cheng, W. J.,& Koh, C. N. (2010). Breeding biology of the
Taiwan Barbet (Megalaima nuchalis) in Taipei Botanical Garden. The Wilson
Journal of Ornithology, 122. Pp.681-688.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Posey, L.(2017). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-black-naped-oriole-lifespan-diet-migration.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">What is a Black-Naped Oriole? - Lifespan, Diet & Migration.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Tex, R. J. & Leonard, J. A.(2013). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.consevol.org/pdf/denTex_2013_MolPhylEvol.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">A molecular phylogeny of Asian barbets: Speciation and extinction in the
tropics</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">. Molecular Phylogenetics
and Evolution, 68(1). Pp.1-13.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-14070875874887866092023-04-30T09:18:00.008+08:002023-06-10T09:22:37.881+08:00仁特鳥類誌01-黃鸝<p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">李明洋</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">(*歡迎引用,但請尊重著作權,務必註明出處,謝謝)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">學名:Oriolus chinensis</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">分類:雀形目(Passeriformes)、黃鸝科(Oriolidae)、黃鸝屬(Oriolus)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">命名者:Linnaeus, C.,1766</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">臺灣亞種:Oriolus chinensis diffuses</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">亞種命名者:Sharp, R. B., 1877</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">英文名:Black-naped Oriole</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">保育等級:一級保育瀕危野生動物</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">遷徙狀態:少數留鳥、稀有過境鳥</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">校園狀況:1雄1雌,定居於校園裡,活躍於校內各處,最常現蹤於森林區、洗車場旁花圃、圓環區<span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhsjyhyhcovu3Q8-4uJTrU7W_iLnmeVD1jzwfRL_F9Kt-wHicQhqH0OYqWvy2GsGK5thBvKcMdKfowZNmY4XIaER0mBaX-jXf4UBVb1I9a7Wf8A7zmpMqFDarCVw2pGlMgSjQdmQwVQJzj1Tpkz3tQy0Kg-YqHxD4_qPxYaIBrtxXvQL_c94dXhswgP" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="189" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhsjyhyhcovu3Q8-4uJTrU7W_iLnmeVD1jzwfRL_F9Kt-wHicQhqH0OYqWvy2GsGK5thBvKcMdKfowZNmY4XIaER0mBaX-jXf4UBVb1I9a7Wf8A7zmpMqFDarCVw2pGlMgSjQdmQwVQJzj1Tpkz3tQy0Kg-YqHxD4_qPxYaIBrtxXvQL_c94dXhswgP=w320-h640" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">圖1 黃鸝羽色金黃,為一級保育類動物</span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8ce7Zb0WAaVdjTr8FGzOQSYFmvZTL-NbulTndzyOIrUL7nbCRjRGWvpKB143tIidlTH1ohcAYsP5j1xNKNN31RiJLs_7equ2MkbiWQXSekYoUmL5OJRSRq3GtoX_mrXQX03gkGwDHmz0epkmwG7NTFXxtoORneMUyTXPeuTUSF0GevhCjyc7NERC-" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="213" height="574" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8ce7Zb0WAaVdjTr8FGzOQSYFmvZTL-NbulTndzyOIrUL7nbCRjRGWvpKB143tIidlTH1ohcAYsP5j1xNKNN31RiJLs_7equ2MkbiWQXSekYoUmL5OJRSRq3GtoX_mrXQX03gkGwDHmz0epkmwG7NTFXxtoORneMUyTXPeuTUSF0GevhCjyc7NERC-=w323-h574" width="323" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">圖2 粗黑的過眼線繞到枕葉接合,故名黑枕黃鸝</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">一、分類</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝屬於雀形目(Passeriformes),曾被置於鴉科,但現在大多將其視為黃鸝科(Oriolidae)的一員。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> 1760年,法國動物學家Brisson率先在其著作《鳥類學(Ornithologie)》中分別以法文和拉丁文為黃鸝命名為Le Loriot de la Cochinsinensis和Oriolus Cochinsinensis(Brisson, 1760)。Loriot和Oriolus都是黃鸝的意思,Cochinsinensis是交趾支那,所以意思是交趾支那的黃鸝(Brisson, 1760)。然而,Brisson在命名時誤以為該標本是在前法國殖民地交趾支那,也就是越南南部,而且他的《鳥類學》沒有符合二名法(Binomial Nomenclature)的命名規則,而未被國際動物命名法委員會( International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)認可(Allen, 1910)。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> 1766年,瑞典博物學家Linnaeus更新了他的《自然系統(Systema Naturae)》第12版,參考了Brisson的命名,保留原本的屬名Oriolus,而將種小名Cochinsinensis改為chinensis,意思是中國的,因此Oriolus chinensis遂成為現今被廣泛認可的黃鸝學名,意思是中國的黃鸝(Linnaeus, 1766)。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> 目前全世界的黃鸝科鳥類共有3個屬,分別是裸眼鸝屬(Sphecotheres)、林鵙鶲屬(Pitohui)、黃鸝屬(Oriolus),其中,裸眼鸝屬有3種,林鵙鶲屬有4種,黃鸝屬有30種(Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2022)。臺灣的黃鸝均為黃鸝屬,有2種,一種是體色多為紅色的朱鸝(Oriolus traillii),另一是體色多為黃色的黃鸝(Oriolus chinensis)(丁宗蘇,2012)。</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝有20個亞種(Gill, Donsker,& Rasmussen, 2022),臺灣的黃鸝屬於Oriolus chinensis diffusus這種亞種,是由英國鳥類學家Sharp在1877年予以命名。diffusus是拉丁文「擴散」的意思,根據Sharp在其著作《大英博物館鳥類目錄第3版(Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum III)》中的解釋,因為Oriolus chinensis diffusus是黃鸝中分布最廣泛的亞種,故以diffusus予以命名(Sharp, 1877, p.197)。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">二、名稱</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 有關黃鸝名稱的由來,根據陸璣在《陸氏詩疏廣要》的說明為:「此鳥之性好雙飛,故鸝字從麗,又曰鸝必匹飛。」而按照先秦《小爾雅•廣言》的解釋:「麗,兩也。」由此可知,黃鸝因體色金黃,雙宿雙飛,故名為黃鸝。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 除了黃鸝這個名稱以外,黃鸝還有不少的別名,例如:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 周朝《詩·豳風》:「倉庚于飛,熠燿其羽。」稱黃鸝為倉庚。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 周朝《爾雅·釋鳥》:「倉庚,鵹黃也。」稱黃鸝為鵹黃。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 西漢《大戴禮記·夏小正》:「倉庚者,商庚也。」稱黃鸝為商庚。 </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 西晉《毛詩草木鳥獸蟲魚疏》:「黃鳥,黃鸝鶹也,或謂之黃栗留。幽州人謂之黃鸎,或謂之黄鳥,一名倉庚,一名商庚,一名鵹黃,一名楚雀。齊人謂之摶黍,闗西謂之黃鳥,當葚熟時來在桑間,故里語曰,黃栗留看我麥黃葚熟,亦是應節趨時之鳥,或謂之黃袍。」稱黃鸝為黃鸝鶹、黃栗留、黃鸎、黃鳥、倉庚、商庚、鵹黃、楚雀、博黍、黃袍。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 清朝《康熙字典》:「鶬鶊,鳥名。大於鴝鵒(即八哥),毛黃色,羽及尾黑色相閒,雌雄雙飛。一作倉庚。」又云:「黃鸝。...一名金衣公子。」稱黃鸝為鶬鶊、金衣公子。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 由上所述可知,古人對黃鸝的稱法相當多,包括倉庚、鶬鶊、商庚、鵹黃、黧黃、黃鶯、黃鸎、黃鳥、搏黍、楚雀、黃袍、黃鸝鶹、黃栗留、金衣公子等,其因何在?茲分述如下:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(一)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>倉庚、鶬鶊、商庚:元朝吳澄《月令七十二候集解》:「倉庚鳴,庚亦作鶊,黃鸝也。…倉,清也;庚,新也;感春陽清新之氣而初出,故名。」由此可知,古人因新春伊始黃鸝即開始唱起悅耳的歌聲,宛若帶來清新的氣息,故名之為倉庚。而鶬鶊顯然是因為黃鸝為鳥類,故將倉庚改為鶬鶊。至於商庚的由來,史書並無詳加說明,推測可能是從倉音訛變為商音所致。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(二)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>黧黃、鵹黃:明朝陳彭年編《大宋重修廣韻》:「黧,黑而黃也。」而明朝張自烈《正字通》則謂:「倉庚,…以黃色黑章曰黧黃。」顯然,古人以黃鸝的羽色有黃有黑,故以黧這個字來形容黃鸝;而因黃鸝為鳥類,故又將黑部改為鳥部,使黧黃成為鵹黃。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(三)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>黃鶯、黃鸎:明朝張自烈《正字通》:「以鳴嚶嚶曰黃鶯。」而民國徐珂《清稗類鈔》的解釋為:「鶯,亦作鸎,亦名黃鸝,又名倉庚。」由此可知,古人因黃鸝的歌聲如嚶嚶,又因體色呈黃色,故以其聲音和形貌,名之為黃鶯,又鶯同鸎,故也稱黃鸎。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(四)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>黃鸝鶹、黃栗留、搏黍:西晉陸璣《毛詩草木鳥獸蟲魚疏》:「黃鳥,黃鸝鶹也,或謂之黃栗留…齊人謂之摶黍,闗西謂之黃鳥,當葚熟時來在桑間,故里語曰,黃栗留看我麥黃葚熟,亦是應節趨時之鳥。」可知,由於黃鸝出現的時候,正好是麥子成熟之時,又因黃鸝體色為黃,所以古人以黃鸝的體色(黃)配上穀物(栗)來稱呼黃鸝,意思就是穀物成熟的時候,這種黃色的鳥就會留在這裡,故稱黃栗留,或通黃鸝鶹。至於搏黍之名,根據清朝郝懿行《爾雅義疏》:「黃雀,其形如崔而黃故名黃鳥,又名搏黍,非黃離蹈(黃鸝鶹)也,詩凡言倉庚。」又云:「黃鳥即今黃雀…非倉庚也,陸疏誤合為一,非矣。」由此可見,摶黍指的應該是體型較小的黃雀,而非體型較大的黃鸝,因為黃鸝是食蟲鳥,黃雀才會啄食穀物,故稱黃雀為摶黍(張勇叔,2020),所以陸璣應是將黃鸝和黃雀混為一談,誤稱黃鸝為摶黍。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(五)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>楚雀:東漢許慎《說文解字》:「楚,叢木。一名荊也。」又張玉書、陳廷敬主編《康熙字典》寫道:「荆屬。薪雖皆高,楚尤翹翹而高也。」由此可知,因黃鸝為性喜棲息於高大林木上的雀鳥,故以楚雀稱之。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(六)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>金衣公子:五代後周王仁裕《開元天寶遺事》:「明皇每於禁苑中見黃鶯,常呼之為金衣公子。」可見係因黃鸝的體色金黃,故名之為金衣公子。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 除了上述名稱外,古時高句麗《三國史記·黃鳥歌》有「翩翩黃鳥,雌雄相依。念我之獨,誰其與歸?!」的詩句(王昱鈞,2013),故黃鸝又稱為高麗黃鳥。臺灣民間則因黃鸝全身金黃色,所以黃鸝又有香蕉鳥的稱呼(黃旭磊,2015)。而英文名稱Black-naped Oriole,則是因為黃鸝的黑色眼袋從眼睛延伸到腦後(枕葉),所以又譯為黑枕黃鸝(Posey, 2017)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">三、分布</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝科(Oriolidae)的鳥類分布於舊大陸(歐洲、亞洲、非洲)和澳洲,少部分具有長程的季節遷移行為(丁宗蘇,2012)。黃鸝屬(Oriolus chinensis)則僅分布於東亞,分布範圍包括俄國、北韓、南韓、中國東半部、海南島、臺灣、日本、印度、孟加拉、緬甸、寮國、柬埔寨、泰國、越南北部、馬來西亞、新加坡、菲律賓、婆羅洲、印尼(BirdLife International, 2018; Chu, 2007; Jønsson, Bowie, Moyle, Irestedt, Christidis, Norman,& Fjeldsa°, 2010; Park, Suk,& Choi, 2020;Sodhi, Choo, Lee, Quek,& Kara, 1997; 丁宗蘇,2012;郭耿光、黃美娥、陳王時,2014)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 臺灣所屬的黃鸝亞種Oriolus chinensis diffusus數量相當稀少,且分布不普遍,僅有少部分為過境鳥(丁宗蘇,2012)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">四、外型</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝科(Oriolidae)的鳥類屬中等體型鳥類,嘴蜂平滑,微微下彎,鼻孔裸出,初級飛羽10枚,尾羽12枚,跗蹠(亦即大腿以下裸露的腿部)甚短,爪彎曲,雄雌鳥體色相近,若有差異則雌鳥的羽色較暗淡,幼鳥的胸腹部有縱紋(丁宗蘇,2012)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 分布於臺灣的黃鸝亞種Oriolus chinensis diffusus也符合上述黃鸝科鳥類的特徵,體長約26公分,屬中型鳥類。根據丁宗蘇(2012)整理自「國立自然科學博物館」和「特有生物研究保育中心」的資料顯示,雄鳥翼長介於14.7至15公分,尾長介於8.8至9.1公分,跗蹠長度介於2.5至2.9公分,嘴峰長度介於3.1至3.3公分;雌鳥翼長介於11.9至13.8公分,尾長約9.1公分,跗蹠長度2.5至2.8公分,嘴峰2.8~2公分。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 在外部特徵方面,雄鳥全身和頭部呈鮮黃色,嘴喙呈桃紅色或粉紅色,雄鳥全身鮮黃色,有一條既寬且長的黑色過眼線,從眼先延伸到後枕部,逐漸變窄並連合,呈環狀或馬蹄造型(丁宗蘇,2012;王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛,楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮,1991;Chan & Srinivasan, 2017;Sharp, 1877)。翅膀的部分,初級飛羽黑色,其外緣與末端黃色,基部黑色,內瓣末端黃色,其餘黑色。大覆羽黃色,其外側各羽之內瓣基部黑色,中覆羽、小覆羽黃色,初級覆羽黑色,末端黃色,因此停棲時在翼部有一個明顯的黃色斑,中央尾羽黑色,末端有狹窄黃帶,其餘尾羽黑色,外緣及末端為黃色(丁宗蘇,2012)。雌鳥的特徵大致和雄鳥類似,但過眼線比較細,全身的黃色部分略帶綠色(丁宗蘇,2012;王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛,楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮,1991)。 </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 不過,臺灣的黃鸝雖然和中國的黃鸝同屬Oriolus chinensis diffusus,但臺灣黃鸝的虹膜顏色、初級飛羽及尾羽的黃色斑塊和中國的黃鸝有明顯不同,原因可能是許多原本從東南亞進口做為寵物的黃鸝從籠中逸出,導致臺灣野外有許多外來的黃鸝,此點仍須進一步的研究(丁宗蘇,2012)。 </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">五、鳴聲</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝常發出柔和的口哨聲,有時也會發出粗啞的嘎嘎聲(丁宗蘇,2012;王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛,楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮,1991)。根據Chu(2007)歷時3年的研究與歸納,黃鸝的鳴聲主要有3種類型:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(ㄧ)歌聲:此種鳴聲宛如口哨聲,平均長度1.1秒,平均頻率介於1505 Hz至2130 Hz,通常用於向外宣示領地範圍和求偶;常於繁殖季 出現。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(二)叫聲:此種鳴聲係以多部合聲方式呈現,平均長度為1秒,平均低頻1538 Hz、中頻1915 Hz、高頻4484 Hz,通常用於威脅或驅趕諸如其他鳥類或人類等入侵者。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(三)顫聲:此種名聲係由幾個短音組合而成,時間非常短暫,通常用於和配偶、長輩及幼鳥溝通;常於繁殖季出現。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Walther和Jones(2008,引自Iqbal & Tepu, 2015)指出,黃鸝是不具侵略性的鳥種,當牠被威脅的時候,通常在撤退之前的短暫時間內會保持不動,取而代之的是發出叫聲和歌聲,以宣示領域及抵禦外侮。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">六、食性</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝以昆蟲為主食,因此多半被歸類為食蟲鳥(Insectivore) (Park, Suk,& Choi, 2020),舉凡雙翅目(diptera)、鱗翅目(lepidoptera)、膜翅目(hymenoptera)、蜻蛉目(odonata)等昆蟲及其幼蟲和蛹,幾乎都是牠的獵物(Chan & Srinivasan, 2017; Chu, 2007; Lian & Adam, 2016)。但根據高雄市野鳥協會的觀察,黃鸝也會捕食蜘蛛、蜘蛛卵囊,甚至還會捕食其他鳥類的鳥蛋和幼鳥,以及草蜥等小型動物(陳懿萱,2021)。Chan和Srinivasan(2017)的研究顯示,黃鸝會在大葉相思(Acacia auriculariformis)、馬氏射葉椰子(Ptychosper mamacarthurii)、金龜樹(pithecellobium dulce)、印度苦楝(Azadirachta indica)、檄樹(Morinda citrifolia)、海蘋果(Syzygium grande)、榕樹(Ficus spp.)、坎諾漆樹(Campnosperma)、崖角藤(Rhaphidophora korthalsii)、倪藤(Gnetum gnemon)、血桐(Macaranga spp.)、毛西番蓮(Passiflora foetida)等植栽上覓食。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 除了捕捉昆蟲外,黃鸝也會在樹冠下取食芒果、香蕉、木瓜、楊桃等水果和雀榕、菩提、苦楝、烏蘞莓(Cayratia japonica)等植物的果實(丁宗蘇,2012;陳懿萱,2021;Chan & Srinivasan, 2017; Lian & Adam, 2016 ; Liu, Wang, An, Xue, Wang,& Lu, 2021)。而根據Chu(2007)的調查,黃鸝攝取水果的比重約佔其食物攝取總量的13.1%。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 此外,黃鸝還會吸食諸如莿桐(Erythrina variegata)、紅千層(Callistemon sp.)等植物的花蜜(Chan & Srinivasan, 2017),也會取食植物的嫩芽(陳懿萱,2021)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">七、棲地</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝為樹棲型(perching)鳥類,表示牠們的爪子適合抓住樹枝,而不適合在地上行走(Posey, 2017),因此,黃鸝很少在地面活動,而是單獨或成對停棲在樹冠層,有時也會和其他鳥種停棲在果樹上,並從一個樹群飛過一個寬闊的地面,然後停棲在另一個樹群(Chu, 2007)。 </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝主要以平地及低海拔丘陵的樹林為棲地,尤其喜歡在高大的疏林裡穿梭(丁宗蘇,2012;王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛,楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮,1991)。Chan和Srinivasan(2017)觀察新加坡境內黃鸝族群的棲地發現,黃鸝經常出現在林中樹冠層、紅樹林和城市裡的花園、公園和住宅區。而根據Park、Suk和Choi(2020)針對南韓5個傳統農村(Traditional Folk Villages, TFV)的60種鳥類做的調查發現,由於傳統農村提供房舍(茅草屋頂、磚瓦屋頂)、耕地(農田、稻田、果園)、濕地(河流、池塘)和森林等多元的棲地選擇,使得包括黃鸝在內的9種鳥最喜歡棲息於傳統農村。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 國內Chu(2007)的研究則發現,花蓮兆豐農場和屏東穎達農場的黃鸝只有在繁殖季才大量出現,到了冬天,只有穎達農場仍有少數黃鸝,但都躲在樹裡,鮮少唱歌,很少看到覓食行為和領域行為。而根據Chu(2007)引述資深鳥友提供的資訊表示,生活在山區的黃鸝,冬天會躲在森林深處避冬。顯然,黃鸝的活動深受溫度影響,氣溫愈低,愈不活躍,致使黃鸝在冬季時節幾乎鮮少現身。或許因為如此,明朝李時珍的《本草綱目·禽之三》才會寫道:「倉庚鳴則蠶生。冬月則藏蟄。入田塘中,以泥自裹如卵,至春始出。」而明朝陳耀文的《天中記》也寫道:「毎至冬月,於田畆中得土堅圓如卵者,輙取以賣破之,則鸎在其中,無腹毛羽,蓋以土自裏,伏而土堅勁,候春始生羽,破土而出。」顯見古人對於黃鸝在冬季突然失去蹤影感到困惑,繼而誤以為黃鸝在冬季會埋進土裡冬眠,所以臆測、荒誕之說遂不脛而走。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 值得一提的是,在所有鳥種當中,大卷尾和黃鸝有著極為特殊的關係。在臺灣的俗諺中即有「黃鶯皇帝,烏鶖落第,鶆鐷乞食。」的說法;黃鶯是黃鸝,烏鶖是大卷尾,鶆鐷是老鷹,意思就是黃鸝一身金黃,宛如身披黃袍的皇帝;大卷尾通體烏黑,彷如落第的秀才;老鷹羽毛粗雜,搶奪幼雛果腹,就像乞丐一樣(張靜茹,2001)。黃鸝和大卷尾的關係,從這句話可以看出端倪。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 根據Chu( 2007)的觀察,黃鸝和大卷尾的巢穴通常很接近,甚至在同一株樹上,因為牠們會彼此提供保護,當發現入侵者時,黃鸝會飛開,然後遠遠地鳴叫,予以驅離,大卷尾則會一邊發出叫聲,一邊驅逐入侵者。筆者在校園裡也經常看到黃鸝和大卷尾同時出現在相鄰的兩株樹,互不侵犯。事實上,Swinhoe早在1859年即在《皇家學會華北分會會刊(Journal of North-China Branch of Royal Asiantic Society)》中一篇名為<福爾摩莎探訪記述(Narrative of a visit to the Island of Formosa)>的文章中寫道,他看到竹林裡的黃鸝非常多,而大卷尾的巢穴則掛在彎曲的竹子上,親鳥不斷地從巢穴裡飛進飛出(Swinhoe, 1859)。這篇文章也是臺灣最早記錄黃鸝和大卷尾的文獻。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">八、繁殖</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 在印度和中國,黃鸝的繁殖季從4月到6月(Meinertzhagen, 1923)。在臺灣,黃鸝的繁殖季則是從3月到7月,而在4月到6月達到高峰(Chu, 2007;陳懿萱,2021)。通常,黃鸝在前一年的冬天會四散各處,但到了繁殖季前夕就會聚在一起。交配前,雄鳥會在天空以橫躺的8字形飛舞,同時發出特殊的歌聲(Chu, 2007)。黃鸝為一夫一妻制,除非伴侶死亡或找不到伴侶,否則會終身維持夫妻關係,很少發生偶外交配(extra copulation)的情況(Chu, 2007)。交配後,雌鳥即準備築巢(Chu, 2007;顏重威,1984),此時雄鳥會待在雌鳥的附近,以防其他雄鳥有機可乘;如果有其他雄鳥飛向雌鳥,雌鳥不會飛走或用嘴喙攻擊對方,而是向對方發出叫聲予以威脅,並向雄鳥發出警告,雄鳥接到訊號後,就會向對方發出叫聲威脅對方並加以驅逐(Chu, 2007)。此外,雌鳥與雌鳥間還會互爭長短,若某隻雌鳥飛到自己和另一隻雌鳥的領域交界處時,另一隻雌鳥會飛到同一株樹上,然後彼此發出威脅性的叫聲,有時還會用嘴喙攻擊對方;當其中一隻雌鳥飛到別株樹上,另一隻雌鳥會窮追不捨,一邊發出叫聲,一邊用嘴攻擊,直到對方離開交界處為止(Chu, 2007)。根據Chu(2007)的測量結果發現,衝突地點和雙方巢穴的平均距離約為41公尺。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 接下來17週左右的時間,雌鳥會連續完成兩次循環,亦即第1次築巢、第1次下蛋、第1次孵蛋、第1次育雛、第1次育幼、第2次築巢、第2次下蛋、第2次孵蛋、第2次育雛、第2次育幼,然後約在9月底前,離開幼鳥,令其自力更生(Chu, 2007)。茲將各循環的內容說明如下:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(一)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>築巢:主要由雌鳥負責,通常會在枝葉茂盛的樹冠層下築巢(陳懿萱,2021;Chu, 2007; Chan & Srinivasan, 2017; Park, Suk,& Choi, 2020),高度顯著高於周遭樹木(Chu, 2007)。築巢的樹種包括南洋楹(albizia falcataria)、光臘樹(fraxinus griffithii)、黑板樹(alstonia scholaris)、馬拉巴栗(pachira macrocarpa)、木棉(Bombax malabarica)、欖仁樹(terminalia catappa)、雨豆樹(Samanea saman)、桃花心木()、茄冬樹(Swietenia macrophylla)、無患子(Sapindus saponaria)、印度紫檀(Pterocarpus indicus)、菩提樹(Ficus religiosa)等(陳懿萱,2021;Chu, 2007)。築巢材料則包括木麻黃(casuarina equisetifolia)、樹皮、樹葉、乾草、草莖、棕櫚葉、木棉棉絮、氣根,以及人造海綿、尼龍、棉線、塑膠袋等人造產物(陳懿萱,2021;顏重威,1984;Chu, 2007)。通常一對黃鸝每年會先後產下兩窩蛋,但每產一窩蛋前,雌鳥會先築2至3個巢,卻只在1個巢下蛋,其餘的巢會被當成棄巢或假巢。棄巢會被自己或麻雀、大卷尾和紅嘴黑鵯等同屬雀科(Passeridae)的其他鳥拆掉或利用;假巢則會被用以誘騙獵食者,例如雄鳥會待在假巢旁,誤導獵食者以為該巢裡有蛋或雛鳥。當雌鳥為了孵第二窩蛋而再次築巢時,則會使用原巢或棄巢的材料來築巢。築巢時間約歷時3至4天,巢呈碗型,碗口向上,平均內徑9.57公分,平均外徑13.2公分,平均深度6.8公分,平均高度7.9公分,築在樹枝交叉樹,上面有樹葉遮蓋(Chu, 2007)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(二)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>下蛋:築完巢後,雌鳥即開始下蛋,歷時3至4天,平均下3至4顆蛋,大多是4顆(Chu, 2007),蛋殼為粉紅色帶褐色斑點(顏重威,1984)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(三)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>孵蛋: 在孵蛋和育雛階段,黃鸝會將領域縮小到巢穴附近(Chu, 2007)。孵蛋的工作仍由雌鳥單獨完成(Chu, 2007;顏重威,1984),平均每孵蛋18分鐘,離巢休息9.8分鐘(Chu, 2007)。當雌鳥孵蛋的時候,雄鳥會在巢穴附近的樹上警戒,當雌鳥離巢出去覓食,雄鳥就會飛到巢穴旁守衛;一旦有入侵者,雄鳥和雌鳥就會共同予以驅逐,雌鳥通常會追逐一段距離就返回巢穴孵蛋或保護雛鳥,雄鳥則會追逐較遠的距離才返回(Chu, 2007)。雌鳥孵蛋約歷時18至21天,而在雛鳥即將破殼而出的前幾天,雌鳥會待在巢穴裡比較久,並由雄鳥帶食物回巢給雌鳥吃。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(四)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>育雛:當雛鳥破殼而出,雌鳥會把雄鳥帶回來的食物餵給雛鳥吃;餵完剛出生的雛鳥後,雄鳥和雌鳥會共同清除雛鳥的卵殼和糞便囊(faecal sac)(Chu, 2007)。雛鳥剛出生的時候,雌鳥會在巢裡餵食,之後,雄鳥和雌鳥會共同餵食雛鳥,餵完後就站在巢穴旁(Chu, 2007;黃重威,1984)。育雛期間,親鳥會以昆蟲、鳥蛋及其他鳥類的幼鳥為雛鳥的主食,其次才是植物的果實(陳懿萱,2021)。雛鳥只會在親鳥出現時才會乞食,平常都安靜地待在巢穴裡。育雛階段約歷時16至21天(Chu, 2007)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(五)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>育幼:雛鳥長成幼鳥後,親鳥就會直接餵食,無須反芻,而且餵食的量和速度都會增加(Chu, 2007)。育幼階段約歷時5至8天,而在本階段後面3至4天,雌鳥開始進行第2次築巢、下蛋、孵蛋、育雛,這段期間,幼鳥都會站在新巢旁,由雄鳥餵養,直到牠們離巢。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(六)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>離巢:當幼鳥長得夠大後,親鳥會以聲音和食物誘引牠們離巢,並持續照顧和教導牠們生存技巧,直至獨立為止 (陳懿萱,2021)。部分幼鳥會跟隨親鳥在隔年重返繁殖地,但若等到繁殖期到來卻還不離開,親鳥就會敵視牠,並將牠驅逐出領域(Chu, 2007)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 根據Chu(2007)的調查發現,花蓮的黃鸝下蛋時間比屏東晚,可能是因為花蓮的溫度較屏東低,致使昆蟲大量繁殖的時間較晚發生所致。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">每年的繁殖季,有些親鳥會在同一株樹上築巢,即使不再同一株樹上,也會在相同區域築巢。第二次築巢的位置會和第一次築巢的位置相近,平均距離44.5公尺。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 值得一提的是,根據高雄市野鳥學會的前導研究發現,黃鸝親鳥會餵養同一個巢穴裡自己的幼雛及他巢的幼雛。因此,若有親鳥死亡或巢穴遭到毀壞,致使幼雛無法接受親鳥餵養時,或可考慮將彼等幼雛交由他巢親鳥照顧(陳懿萱,2021)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">九、繁殖成功率</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 根據Chu(2007)針對花蓮兆豐農場與屏東穎達農場的調查結果顯示,無論黃鸝在巢穴裡產下幾顆蛋,最後1窩都只有1隻幼鳥成功離巢;而在65個黃鸝巢穴中,最後有14個巢穴的幼鳥成功離巢,繁殖成功率為21.5% (Chu, 2007)。而根據高雄市野鳥協會的觀察發現,高雄市的黃鸝族群於2019至2020年共築45個巢穴,最後有19個巢穴成功離巢,繁殖成功率為42.2%(陳懿萱,2021)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">十、威脅</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 黃鸝是臺灣近百年來數量大幅降低的代表性鳥種之一(丁宗蘇,2012)。我們從Swinhoe(1859)留下的記述可知,黃鸝是當時臺灣平地常見的鳥種,然而,時至今日,臺灣境內的黃鸝數量已相當稀少。有鑑於此,行政院農業委員會已於2017年3月29日發函公告,將黃鸝列為一級瀕臨絕種野生動物(行政院農業委員會,2017)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 造成黃鸝族群大幅減少的原因可能有如下幾項(陳懿萱,2021;丁宗蘇,2012;黃旭磊,2015;Chu, 2007):</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(一)因遭到鳳頭蒼鷹(accipiter trivirgatus)、巨嘴鴨(corvus macrorhynchos)、樹鵲(Dendrocitta formosae)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)等外敵的攻擊,導致黃鸝的雛鳥死亡或鳥蛋遭食。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(二)因黃鸝美麗的羽色和美妙的歌聲而常被人類捕捉,帶回去販賣或飼養。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(三)因黃鸝喜食果子,被果園主人視為惡鳥,而用圍網捕捉。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(四)因黃鸝慣常棲息的平地和低海拔高大樹林大幅減少,使黃鸝失去了棲地。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(五)因人類干擾,例如偷盜鳥蛋而導致育雛失敗等(Chu, 2007)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">(六)因遭到諸如豪雨、颱風等天災襲擊。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> 對此,Park、Suk和Choi(2020)建議,可以採取棲地多樣性的觀點來評估黃鸝的繁殖地和棲地的狀況。而在進行環境評估時,亦應將生物多樣性和黃鸝的生存條件納入,進行整體考量。</span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">參考文獻</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">一、中文部分</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">丁宗蘇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">(2012)</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">。黃鸝科。劉小如、丁宗蘇、方偉宏、林文宏、蔡牧起、顏重威</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">(</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">)</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">。臺灣鳥類誌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">(</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">)</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">第二版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="text-indent: -18pt;">pp.569-578</span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">。行政院農業委員會林務局。</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>中華民國野鳥學會鳥類紀錄委員會</span><span lang="EN-US">(2020)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US">2020</span><span>年臺灣鳥類名錄。中華民國野鳥學會。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>孔鮒</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>秦朝</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/kongcongzi/xiao-er-ya/zh"><span lang="EN-US">小爾雅</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>王仁裕</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>五代後周</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=915988"><span lang="EN-US">開元天寶遺事</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>王昱鈞</span><span lang="EN-US">(2013/1/27)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mainlander1122.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_27.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">黃鳥歌</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">황조가</span></span></a></span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US">Mainlander</span><span>海東散策。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>王嘉雄、吳森雄、黃光瀛,楊秀英、蔡仲晃、蔡牧起、蕭慶亮</span><span lang="EN-US">(1991)</span><span>。台灣野鳥圖鑑。亞舍圖書。台北縣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>行政院農業委員會</span><span lang="EN-US">(2017)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://conservation.forest.gov.tw/File.aspx?fno=67070"><span lang="EN-US">行政院農業委員會公告修正「保育類野生動物名錄」</span></a></span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>佚名</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>先秦</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/er-ya/zh"><span lang="EN-US">爾雅</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>佚名</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>西周</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/book-of-poetry/zh"><span lang="EN-US">詩經</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>吳澄<span lang="EN-US">(</span>元朝<span lang="EN-US">)</span>。月令七十二候集解。</span><span>中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>李時珍</span><span lang="EN-US">(1596)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=858451"><span lang="EN-US">本草綱目</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>徐珂</span><span lang="EN-US">(1916)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=502424"><span lang="EN-US">清稗類鈔</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">13.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>郝懿行</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>清朝</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=853378"><span lang="EN-US">爾雅義疏</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">14.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>張玉書、陳廷敬主編</span><span lang="EN-US">(1716)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/kangxi-zidian/zh"><span lang="EN-US">康熙字典</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">15.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>張自烈</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>明朝</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=148786"><span lang="EN-US">正字通</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">16.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>張叔勇</span><span lang="EN-US">(2020/12/06)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ppfocus.com/0/hid7d364b.html"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">科學網—《詩經》裡的黃鳥究竟是啥鳥</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">17.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>張靜茹</span><span lang="EN-US">(2001)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/Articles/Details?Guid=594dd0f3-910a-45b5-8967-bac159a634f5"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">寶島山林的絕代雙驕</span></span>-<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">朱鸝羽黃鸝</span></span></a></span><span>。臺灣光華雜誌。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">18.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>許慎</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>東漢</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi/zh"><span lang="EN-US">說文解字</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">19.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>郭耿光、黃美娥、陳王時</span><span lang="EN-US">(2014)</span><span>。艷麗華美築巢巧匠的黃鸝科。冠羽,</span><span lang="EN-US">241</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US">pp.2-3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">20.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>陳彭年等編<span lang="EN-US">(1008)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=202286"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">大宋重修廣韻</span></span></a></span>。</span><span>中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">21.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>陳耀文</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>明朝</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=798023"><span lang="EN-US">天中記</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">22.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>陳懿萱</span><span lang="EN-US">(2021)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.kwbs.org.tw/magazine/data/362/P05-08.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">黃鸝族群數量調查結果概述</span></a></span><span>,</span><span lang="EN-US">362</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US">Pp.5-8</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">23.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>陸璣</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>三國吳</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=858451"><span lang="EN-US">陸氏詩疏廣要</span></a></span><span>。</span><span>中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">24.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>陸璣</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>西晉</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=191703"><span lang="EN-US">毛詩草木鳥獸蟲魚疏</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">25.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>黃旭磊</span><span lang="EN-US">(2015/05/21)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/1324889"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">澄清湖黃鸝幼雛被盜</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">鳥友加碼</span></span>2<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">萬抓兇手</span></span></a></span><span>。自由時報。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">26.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>戴聖編</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>西漢</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://ctext.org/da-dai-li-ji/zh"><span lang="EN-US">大戴禮記</span></a></span><span>。中國哲學書電子化計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">27.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span>顏重威</span><span lang="EN-US">(1984)</span><span>。臺灣的野生鳥類</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span>一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span>留鳥。渡假出版社。台北。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>二、英文部分</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-indent: -18pt;">Allen, J. A. (1910). Collation of Brisson's genera
of birds with those of Linnaeus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural
History, 28. pp. 317-335.</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">BirdLife International(2018). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22706394A130376308.en"><span>Oriolus chinensis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. The IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22706394A130376308. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Brisson, M. J.(1760). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36011574"><span>Ornithologie,
ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres,
especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 2.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> Paris. Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Pp.326-328.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Chan, T. & Srinivasan, S.(2017). A peck of
affection or a peck of aggression: case report of an eye injury due to the
black–naped oriole. Advances in Ophthalmology & Visual System, 6(1). Pp.47-48.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Chu, L. C.(2007). Study of Breeding Biology and
Habitat Use of Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis) (PDF). Unpublished
Masters Thesis, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Dickinson, E. C.(2000). Systematic notes on Asian
birds. 7. Black-naped oriole Oriolus chinensis Linnaeus, 1766: some old
nomenclatural issues explained. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 331. Pp.131-139.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gill, F., Donsker, D.,& Rasmussen, P. Eds.
(2022). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/"><span>IOC World Bird List (v12.1)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Iqbal, M. & Tepu, M.(2015). Black-naped Oriole
Oriolus chinensis mobbed by Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris and
Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus by Grey-sided Flowerpecker Dicaeum
celebicum. Birding ASIA, 24. P.11.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Jønsson, K. A., Bowie, R. C. K., Moyle, R. G.,
Irestedt, M., Christidis, L., Norman, J. A.,& Fjeldsa° J.(2010). Phylogeny
and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes). Ecography, 33. Pp.232-241.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Lian, C. J. & Adam, A. M.(2016).
Attractiveness of Birdfeeders to Birds in the Garden Area of Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,
24(6). Pp.2079-2085.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Linnaeus, C.(1766). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946356"><span>Systema
naturae: per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th
ed.).</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"> Holmiae (Stockholm):
Laurentii Salvii. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Liu, B., Wang, G., An, Y., Xue, D., Wang, L.,&
Lu, C.(2021). Similar seed dispersal systems by local frugivorous birds in
native and alien plant species in a coastal seawall forest. Peer J, DOI:
10.7717/peerj.11672.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">13.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Park, C. R., Suk, S.,& Choi, S.(2020). The
Functional Traits of Breeding Bird Communities at Traditional Folk Villages in
Korea. Sustainability, 12. Pp.1-10.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">14.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Posey, L.(2017). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-black-naped-oriole-lifespan-diet-migration.html"><span>What is a Black-Naped Oriole? - Lifespan, Diet & Migration.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">15.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sharp, R. B.(1877). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/1264/h361_catalogue_birds_3.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><span>Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum III</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">. Order of the Trustees: Londen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">16.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Sodhi, N. S.,
Choo, J. P. S., Lee, B. P. Y. H.,
Quek, K. C.,& Kara, A. U.(1997). Ecology of a Mangrove Forest Bird
Community in Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 45(1). Pp.1-13.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">17.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Swinhoe, R.(1859). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28554235"><span>Narrative of a visit to the Island of Formosa. </span></a></span><span lang="EN-US">Journal of North-China Branch of Royal Asiantic
Society, 1(2). Pp.145-164.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 22pt; margin-left: 18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US">18.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Trainor, C. R.(2005). Species richness, habitat
use and conservation of birds of Alor Island, Lesser Sundas, Indonesia. Emu, 105.
Pp.127-135.</span></span></span></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-67332232062689820042022-08-14T09:50:00.007+08:002022-08-21T12:42:30.697+08:00生態保育叢書10:2022仁特自然生態白皮書--植物篇<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vyuI_z6QZ0U5hvww3OdT1yV-WDQ1NOir/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="593" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH4RUkKqD618TmunjaA0Myqd4unxUGPgk4BWtKuMD35SkTxtFD74bnin5P1YR0_ngxqI2NIPFH7bF-el-8T17kx5N7rEDg7_vZIOcFOmiWVm6rwd7knfAIhshpaOn_G9BmZXF6_LJa9lUBBM-Z41puLSrLpY0To2x3tAvfgRe0wv6dpMVNciYM6tEp/w436-h640/2022_%E4%BB%81%E7%89%B9%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E6%9B%B8-%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%AF%87_0%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2.jpg" width="436" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-6704045755549882962022-07-30T23:48:00.005+08:002022-08-21T12:35:12.337+08:00生態保育叢書9:2022仁特校園生態圖鑑<p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TfhmN3Y45-cwU7f-a_rsBNwXZzHd0c_t/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="870" data-original-width="612" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjatj7OR_g9lPW4BRkdIbmknKVsJNwFcKwUPQGH7gv_vq1isfGsF5RxYCcHGtFIvzk5Of0LOfdJsnao0GAvMgG6d4h3_mhMksWS_8RuMTWhwbqVacj7FXTiWderzwb3koZPqRDk8u7Lvhf4Ln65JsRuQgbhlhjdXvCMg6brjd8O5vuHMFvjq87TrtAd/w450-h640/2022%E4%BB%81%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%9C%96%E9%91%91_%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2.png" width="450" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /></div><br /><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-73988493295549165262022-07-30T13:26:00.003+08:002022-08-21T12:53:02.165+08:00生態保育叢書8:2022仁特花木導覽與圖鑑<p></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/15QJzXHLM5Gya8JOJRDagzeDSwkIjLgOG/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="614" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAzfpOpYZHYcsmthRSJdPkoOD62LWaxIbC_2k0AB6NAs47GL5MOO9Mjp-zZC5VOcO5vl8PUyoyU7xPYj3qxHY4jp5r-Mh-xuBh4pQJ5FfTJcOkkutcQx7g5vVwYcGYpOb5tsLsdT1dqv3a_a511KY0Qg8nxXr-tvrm5IDgNngTJBYfu65Uuk1exHtX/w462-h640/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2.png" width="462" /></a></div><br /><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-84935884749461670862022-04-30T19:00:00.008+08:002022-08-21T13:00:04.147+08:00特殊教育叢書5:高校偵探團之試卷疑雲<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">在門窗上鎖,四周裝設鐵窗,宛如密室的教務處裡,試卷竟然被動了手腳!?且看聽障小偵探雷恩和高校偵探團的夥伴如何和洪毅老師一同破解這宗離奇的案件,順利揪出嫌犯!</div> <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DMqsQVg6CeHjZcVYCFHgbWTJM3PEF5Yu/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="1227" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi06li3zXEUvTfJSCBV25tO6rM6bhximBYpud5MWm6h9AolPNJyrvFM0-o-viG64Z5MQPXibpCGJFNk1_s7kA0DTj1NecJGa38W47aaG85aZSj0lJ_5YayMJuW8BgGhs8LvPFmFpI2mJbAOvhaL7f2KzGHQRw_7zmzPGIwk0sLvJJr2f6BRSvyTBvvO/w400-h269/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-69236896105769482242022-01-18T20:51:00.005+08:002022-08-21T12:22:01.004+08:00生態保育叢書7:校外教學教師手冊-林園海洋濕地公園<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1esP-I1OmBFl-Ijfm1HLqtsMtlQ2Bc1Z1/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="562" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh9YFGPu0F4dOx_2mmABi_QS94fTgiNekVVuVQuNkA0-nJWlMTpFC9UA0P1GglBk7yPmvi5631gPVizIafxKN-PLV39CWl4iCLrC5g4KoIoAEbLa-F_w5DFFDDOgrtLCFxvN5sgIgY8kW5HmhLcm7rx0fX_Ta89ic7GgRMRHQtG2ywWIkib1onxEYhL=w448-h640" width="448" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-73963393355141602002021-12-20T19:21:00.006+08:002022-08-21T13:04:13.046+08:00生態保育叢書6:校外教學教師手冊-茄萣濕地公園<p></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FPUABuGSIYSG4mmWdbYOsuC7yQ4jDPQ3/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="566" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijSzCJc-wKU2xJx7OJn05dJ_S6ZoeE2Z0XFtSN1RonnlkHbK6LqfukyD0mE-9PLSxhsI0gTaXnRdelYIP5K-_UZTUr598SVyOl0mn5xWzQ65VuqNudgfQcz8J-Py-AL4MvAXmXKVhW3NOgUJ_TeDsi0WqYjuoR_ygKjE2jFP-nUhY9fGrVFEPtX0Fi=w454-h640" width="454" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-90435369923885660832021-10-17T20:09:00.007+08:002022-08-21T13:06:28.429+08:00生態保育叢書5:仁特校園生態圖鑑<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/160_CLYzjm6ziYICNAM6te3N7MtmEF4Jv/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="872" data-original-width="624" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eiW7RtQRm3U/YWwQhgIKWGI/AAAAAAAALAo/kOR0ldqh5DcDM_cEO9fPK4S0hfEYewhrwCLcBGAsYHQ/w458-h640/%25E5%25B0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><br /><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8194851009028153150.post-57007339522569263282021-09-20T14:43:00.008+08:002023-04-18T19:29:50.750+08:00特殊教育叢書4:身障孩童如廁訓練教師手冊-解尿篇<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oduPKCMNkKs9xNKn2qGfT1QNpjQ3dSkk/view?usp=sharing" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="720" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8pcZyyVdu9U/YUg8b4GvPrI/AAAAAAAAK-A/wJK7J_rk6-0gpIXFSYJhAr4vqPhHOLoMQCLcBGAsYHQ/w444-h640/2021_%25E8%25BA%25AB%25E9%259A%259C%25E5%25AD%25A9%25E7%25AB%25A5%25E5%25A6%2582%25E5%25BB%2581%25E8%25A8%2593%25E7%25B7%25B4%25E6%2595%2599%25E5%25B8%25AB%25E6%2589%258B%25E5%2586%258A0_%25E5%25B0%2581%25E9%259D%25A2.JPG" width="444" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><p></p>小李http://www.blogger.com/profile/09015529334009940434noreply@blogger.com0